Lesson 8 Trading standards贸易标准 强调句 插入语

Trading standards ^{文章出自：The Economist 经济学人}

trading ^{贸易的，商业的}

• Trading partners signed a new agreement last year. ^{贸易伙伴去年签署了一项新协议。}
• She works in the trading department of the bank. ^{她在银行的交易部门工作。}
• The company is engaged in trading electronic components worldwide. ^{该公司从事电子元件的全球贸易。}

trading standards ^贸易标准

• Local trading standards inspect imported goods. ^{当地贸易标准机构检查进口商品。}
• Companies must meet national trading standards before export. ^{公司出口前必须符合国家贸易标准。}
• Changes to trading standards affect cross-border transactions. ^{贸易标准的变化影响跨境交易。}

Chickens slaughtered in the United States, claim officials in Brussels, are not fit to grace European tables.

插入语写法 / 将说话者降为插入语 ^{写作手法（突出内容，弱化说话者）By making the content the focus, the writer uses an inserted speaker to shift emphasis. 通过将内容作为焦点，作者使用插入的说话者来转移强调。}

• Officials in Brussels claim that chickens slaughtered in the United States are not fit to grace European tables. ^{布鲁塞尔官员声称美国宰杀的鸡不适合摆上欧洲的餐桌。}
• ‘I’m trying to repair the bell,’ answered Bill. ‘I’ve been coming up here night after night for weeks now. You see, I was hoping to give you a surprise.’
• ‘So long as there’s something to identify, we will give people their money back,’ said a spokeswoman for the Bank. ‘Last year, we paid $1.5m on 21,000 claims. ’

official ^{政府官员 / 官方的}

Brussels ^{布鲁塞尔（欧盟总部所在地）}

 the capital and largest city in Belgium, centrally situated in northern Europe. Brussels is internationally important as the headquarters of the European Union (EU) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

• Brussels hosts many international institutions. ^{布鲁塞尔是许多国际机构的所在地。}
• Officials in Brussels debated the new rules. ^{布鲁塞尔的官员们讨论了新规则。}
• Trade decisions from Brussels affect EU markets. ^{来自布鲁塞尔的贸易决定影响欧盟市场。}

free direct speech ^{自由直接引语（新闻英语中常用）引用某人的说话原文，没有引号；多用于新闻英语}

• The mayor insisted they would not raise taxes this year.
• The victim's family told reporters the lack of justice was unbearable.
• The senator stormed out of the hearing, loudly declaring he had absolutely nothing more to say to those fools.
• The witness stated the facts clearly: The car had indeed run the red light.

are not fit to grace European tables ^{（委婉）不符合上桌标准 / 质量有问题}

• Chickens slaughtered in the United States are of poor quality. ^质量低劣
• Chickens slaughtered in the United States don’t meet European standards.^{不符合欧洲标准}
• The statement implied that the products are not fit to grace European tables. ^{声明暗示这些产品不适合摆上欧洲餐桌。}
• He said the shipments are not fit to grace European tables due to hygiene concerns. ^{他说由于卫生问题这些货物不适合上欧洲餐桌。}
• Politicians often use euphemistic phrases to soften criticism. ^{政治家常用委婉表达来缓和批评。}

political correctness ^{政治正确(切记：外交场合；用词不能太直接、不能伤害对方感情)}

• the disabled / handicapped ^{残疾的(正常表达)}
• the physically challenged  ^{（委婉）残疾的}
• the mentally challenged ^{（委婉）智障}
• the vertically challenged ^{（委婉）侏儒}
• the horizontally challenged ^{（委婉）肥胖}

No, say the Americans: our fowl are fine, we simply clean them in a different way.

fowl ^{家禽（尤指鸡）}

• Fowl are raised on many farms. ^{很多农场饲养家禽。}
• The market sells various types of fowl. ^{市场出售各种家禽。}
• Some people prefer free-range fowl. ^{有些人更喜欢散养家禽。}

These days, it is differences in national regulations, far more than tariffs, that put sand in the wheels of trade between rich countries. ^强调句

these days / nowadays / today ^{如今，现今}

• These days, people who do manual work often receive far more money than people who work in offices.
• Nowadays, information spreads quickly. ^{现在，信息传播迅速。}
• Today, global trade is highly regulated. ^{今天，全球贸易受到高度监管。}

it is ... that ... ^强调句型

• It is differences in regulations that cause delays. ^{正是法规差异导致延误。}
• It was the team that won the award. ^{正是该团队获得了奖项。}
• It is persistence that leads to success. ^{正是坚持带来成功。}

put sand in the wheels of ^{阻碍、妨碍（惯用短语）直译：往车轮里扔沙子}

• New regulations put sand in the wheels of trade. ^{新规阻碍了贸易。}
• Language barriers put sand in the wheels of communication. ^{语言障碍妨碍交流。}

more than ^{不仅仅是；（置于形容词/副词前）非常/极其}

• He is more than generous. ^{他非常慷慨。}
• This problem is more than we can handle. ^{这个问题超出我们的处理能力。}
• Trade issues involve more than tariffs. ^{贸易问题不仅仅涉及关税。}

These days, it is differences in habits and customs, far more than languages, that put sand in the wheels of transnational marriages. ^{现如今，是风俗习惯的差异，而远不仅仅是语言问题，阻碍了跨国婚姻 。}

It is not just farmers who are complaining. ^{强调句(who可以换成that)}

not just ... who/that ... ^{不仅仅是…（也有其他人/事）}

• Not just farmers are complaining; consumers are concerned too. ^{不仅仅是农民在抱怨，消费者也很关心。}
• Not just students but teachers supported the change. ^{不仅学生，老师也支持这项变革。}
• Not just the city but the whole region felt the impact. ^{不仅这座城市，整个地区都感受到了影响。}

complain ^{抱怨，投诉}

• Residents complained about the noise. ^{居民抱怨噪音。}
• Many customers complained to the manager. ^{许多顾客向经理投诉。}
• He complained that the service was slow. ^{他抱怨服务很慢。}

An electric razor that meets the European Union's safety standards must be approved by American testers before it can be sold in the United States, and an American-made dialysis machine needs the EU's okay before it hits the market in Europe.

meet ^{符合（标准、要求）}

• The product meets all safety requirements. ^{该产品符合所有安全要求。}
• The design meets international norms. ^{该设计符合国际规范。}
• Manufacturers must ensure goods meet local standards. ^{制造商必须确保商品符合当地标准。}

approve ^{vt.批准 / 同意（区分：approve vs. approve of）}

• The board approved the budget. ^{董事会批准了预算。}
• The drug was approved by regulators. ^{该药品获监管机构批准。}

okay ^{= agreement = permission = approval}

• His doctor wouldn't OK the trip.  ^{他的医生不会同意这趟旅行的。}
• He gave the okay to issue a new press release.  ^{他做出批准发表一篇新的新闻稿。}

hit ^{到达，上市（口语）v. arrive at; reach 到达}

• The new model will hit the market next month. ^{新型号将于下月上市。}
• The book hit the shelves last week. ^{这本书上周已上架。}
• The song hit the charts immediately. ^{这首歌立即进入排行榜。}

contrast ^{对照法（修辞）上下文语义相对、故意用不同的结构，让句式更富于变化}

• Men always want to be a woman’s first love; women have a more subtle instinct: what they like is to be a man’s last romance. 

antithesis ^{对比；上下文语义相对、句式工整}

• There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is where the rub is.
• When poverty comes in at the door, love leaps out at the window.
• A mother takes twenty years to make a man of her boy, and another woman takes twenty minutes to make a fool of him.

As it happens, a razor that is safe in Europe is unlikely to electrocute Americans.

as it happens ^碰巧

• As it happens, I know his brother. ^{碰巧我认识他的兄弟。}
• As it happens, we met again in Paris. ^{碰巧我们又在巴黎见面了。}
• As it happens, I was just thinking about that. ^{碰巧我刚好也在想这件事。}
• As it happens, I was there too. ^{碰巧我也在那里。}

So, ask businesses on both sides of the Atlantic, why have two lots of tests where one would do?

business ^{公司(可数)/生意(不可数)}

• He has done a lot of business here in China. ^{他在中国做了很多生意。}
• My father runs a small business in town. ^{我父亲在镇上经营一家小公司。}
• This business is growing fast. ^{这家公司发展得很快。}

why + do ^质问语气

• Why worry about such trifles? ^{为什么为这些小事烦恼？}
• Why blame yourself? ^{为什么责怪自己？}
• Why argue with him? ^{为什么和他争论？}

lot ^{套、群、组}

• She bought a lot of books. ^{她买了一堆书。}
• This lot of cars is for export. ^{这批车是用于出口的。}
• They came in a lot. ^{他们成群结队地来了。}

do ^{v. be enough 足够的}

• Don't you want something to eat? Two burgers will do. ^{两个汉堡就够了。}
• This amount of money will do for now. ^{这笔钱暂时够用了。}
• One more chair will do nicely. ^{再加一把椅子就行了。}

Politicians agree, in principle, so America and the EU have been trying to reach a deal which would eliminate the need to double-test many products.

in principle ^{原则上，大致上（经营放到agree的动词后）}

if you agree sth. in principle, you agree a general plan or idea but have not yet considered the details ^{原则上，大致上}

• The government has agreed in principle to a referendum. ^{政府原则上同意举行公投。}
• We support the plan in principle. ^{我们原则上支持该计划。}
• He accepted the offer in principle. ^{他原则上接受了这个提议。}

They hope to finish in time for a trade summit between America and the EU on May 28th.

in time ^及时赶上

• We arrived in time for the meeting. ^{我们及时赶上了会议。}
• He finished his work in time for lunch. ^{他及时完成了工作赶上吃午饭。}
• She got to the airport in time for her flight. ^{她及时赶上了航班。}

Although negotiators are optimistic, the details are complex enough that they may be hard-pressed to get a deal at all.

optimistic ^乐观的

• Bankers are cautiously optimistic about the country’s economic future. ^{银行家对国家经济前景持谨慎乐观态度。}
• We are optimistic about the results. ^{我们对结果很乐观。}
• He remained optimistic despite the difficulties. ^{尽管困难重重，他依然乐观。}
• She feels optimistic about the future. ^{她对未来感到乐观。}

enough ^足够的

• The room is large enough to take another bed. ^{房间足够大，可以再放一张床。}
• He is old enough to drive. ^{他足够大了可以开车。}
• She wasn’t strong enough to lift it. ^{她不够力气抬起它。}

be hard-pressed to do ^{做某事困难}

• The emergency services were hard-pressed to deal with the accident. ^{急救部门应对事故时非常吃力。}
• They are hard-pressed to find skilled workers. ^{他们难以找到熟练工人。}
• We were hard-pressed to finish on time. ^{我们很难按时完成。}

Why? One difficulty is to construct the agreements.

construct ^{起草；建造}

• Construct a sentence carefully. ^{认真造句。}
• Construct an agreement with clear terms. ^{起草一份条款明确的协议。}
• They constructed a solid argument. ^{他们构建了有力的论证。}

The Americans would happily reach one accord on standards for medical devices and then hammer out different pacts covering, say, electronic goods and drug manufacturing.

cover ^{涵盖、包括}

• The course covers all aspects of business and law. ^{课程涵盖了商业与法律的各个方面。}
• The book covers a wide range of topics. ^{这本书涵盖了广泛的主题。}
• Insurance covers medical expenses. ^{保险包括医疗费用。}
• The project covers many regions. ^{项目涵盖多个地区。}
• The term ‘mankind’ embraces / encompasses men, women, and children.

In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual. ^{考研英语（阅读真题）}
“Anthropology” derives from the Greek words anthropos “human” and logos “the study of.” By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind. ^{考研英语（阅读真题）}

say / let’s say ^{假定，比方说}

• Let’s go out for a walk, (let’s) say, along the river.
• Let’s say you win the prize — what will you do? ^{假设你赢得奖项——你会做什么？}
• Say we arrive late, will they still wait? ^{假如我们晚到，他们还会等吗？}
• Let’s say around 8 o’clock. ^{比方说大约八点。}

The EU -- following fine continental traditions -- wants agreement on general principles, which could be applied to many types of products and perhaps extended to other countries.

follow ^{遵循；照做}

• He was just following orders. ^{他只是执行命令。}
• Follow your teacher’s example. ^{效法你的老师。}
• Follow the crowd and you lose yourself. ^{随大流会失去自我。}

—You wanted me dead, Paul.
—Just following orders.
—Sent me to the chair for sth. I didn’t do, all for your president. You were willing to do that.
—Just … following … orders.

continental ^{大陆的；欧洲大陆的}

• A continental climate is dry and extreme. ^{大陆性气候干燥且变化剧烈。}
• He prefers continental food. ^{他更喜欢欧洲大陆的食物。}
• Continental art influenced Britain deeply. ^{欧洲大陆艺术对英国影响深远。}

be applied to ^被应用于

• This rule can be applied to many cases. ^{这条规则可用于许多情况。}
• The method is applied to teaching English. ^{这种方法被用于英语教学。}
• The system is applied to data analysis. ^{该系统被用于数据分析。}

extend to ^{延伸到；扩展到}

• The influence extends to Asia. ^{影响延伸到亚洲。}
• The rule extends to all members. ^{规则适用于所有成员。}
• The benefits extend to future generations. ^{好处延伸到后代。}