Lesson 8 Trading standards贸易标准

Trading standards

trading ^{贸易的，商业的}

• Trading partners signed a new agreement last year. ^{贸易伙伴去年签署了一项新协议。}
• She works in the trading department of the bank. ^{她在银行的交易部门工作。}
• The company is engaged in trading electronic components worldwide. ^{该公司从事电子元件的全球贸易。}

trading standards ^贸易标准

• Local trading standards inspect imported goods. ^{当地贸易标准机构检查进口商品。}
• Companies must meet national trading standards before export. ^{公司出口前必须符合国家贸易标准。}
• Changes to trading standards affect cross-border transactions. ^{贸易标准的变化影响跨境交易。}

Chickens slaughtered in the United States, claim officials in Brussels, are not fit to grace European tables.

插入语写法 / 将说话者降为插入语 ^{写作手法（突出内容，弱化说话者）}

• Chickens slaughtered in the United States, claim officials in Brussels, are not fit to grace European tables. ^{在布鲁塞尔官员的说法中，在美国宰杀的鸡不适合摆上欧洲的餐桌。}
• Officials in Brussels claim that chickens slaughtered in the United States are not fit to grace European tables. ^{布鲁塞尔官员声称美国宰杀的鸡不适合摆上欧洲的餐桌。}
• By making the content the focus, the writer uses an inserted speaker to shift emphasis. ^{通过将内容作为焦点，作者使用插入的说话者来转移强调。}

official ^{政府官员 / 官方的}

Brussels ^{布鲁塞尔（欧盟总部所在地）}

• Brussels hosts many international institutions. ^{布鲁塞尔是许多国际机构的所在地。}
• Officials in Brussels debated the new rules. ^{布鲁塞尔的官员们讨论了新规则。}
• Trade decisions from Brussels affect EU markets. ^{来自布鲁塞尔的贸易决定影响欧盟市场。}

free direct speech ^{自由直接引语（新闻英语中常用）}

• “I’m trying to repair the bell,” answered Bill, inserted the speaker. ^{“我在修铃，”比尔回答道（插入语）。}
• “So long as there’s something to identify, we will give people their money back,” said a spokeswoman. ^{“只要有识别证据，我们会退还钱，”一位女发言人说。}
• News reports often use free direct speech to reproduce original wording. ^{新闻报道常用自由直接引语来复述原话。}

are not fit to grace European tables ^{（委婉）不符合上桌标准 / 质量有问题}

• The statement implied that the products are not fit to grace European tables. ^{声明暗示这些产品不适合摆上欧洲餐桌。}
• He said the shipments are not fit to grace European tables due to hygiene concerns. ^{他说由于卫生问题这些货物不适合上欧洲餐桌。}
• Politicians often use euphemistic phrases to soften criticism. ^{政治家常用委婉表达来缓和批评。}

No, say the Americans: our fowl are fine, we simply clean them in a different way.

fowl ^{家禽（尤指鸡）}

• Fowl are raised on many farms. ^{很多农场饲养家禽。}
• The market sells various types of fowl. ^{市场出售各种家禽。}
• Some people prefer free-range fowl. ^{有些人更喜欢散养家禽。}

poultry / livestock / stock ^{家禽 / 牲畜}

These days, it is differences in national regulations, far more than tariffs, that put sand in the wheels of trade between rich countries.

these days / nowadays / today ^{如今，现今}

• These days, many people shop online. ^{如今，许多人在网上购物。}
• Nowadays, information spreads quickly. ^{现在，信息传播迅速。}
• Today, global trade is highly regulated. ^{今天，全球贸易受到高度监管。}

it is ... that ... ^强调句型

• It is differences in regulations that cause delays. ^{正是法规差异导致延误。}
• It was the team that won the award. ^{正是该团队获得了奖项。}
• It is persistence that leads to success. ^{正是坚持带来成功。}

put sand in the wheels of ^{阻碍、妨碍（惯用短语）}

more than ^{不仅仅是；（置于形容词/副词前）非常/极其}

• He is more than generous. ^{他非常慷慨。}
• This problem is more than we can handle. ^{这个问题超出我们的处理能力。}
• Trade issues involve more than tariffs. ^{贸易问题不仅仅涉及关税。}

It is not just farmers who are complaining.

not just ... who/that ... ^{不仅仅是……（也有其他人/事）}

• Not just farmers are complaining; consumers are concerned too. ^{不仅仅是农民在抱怨，消费者也很关心。}
• Not just students but teachers supported the change. ^{不仅学生，老师也支持这项变革。}
• Not just the city but the whole region felt the impact. ^{不仅这座城市，整个地区都感受到了影响。}

complain ^{抱怨，投诉}

• Residents complained about the noise. ^{居民抱怨噪音。}
• Many customers complained to the manager. ^{许多顾客向经理投诉。}
• He complained that the service was slow. ^{他抱怨服务很慢。}

An electric razor that meets the European Union's safety standards must be approved by American testers before it can be sold in the United States, and an American-made dialysis machine needs the EU's okay before it hits the market in Europe.

meet ^{符合（标准、要求）}

• The product meets all safety requirements. ^{该产品符合所有安全要求。}
• The design meets international norms. ^{该设计符合国际规范。}
• Manufacturers must ensure goods meet local standards. ^{制造商必须确保商品符合当地标准。}

approve / approval / approve of ^{批准 / 同意（区分：approve vt. vs. approve of）}

hit ^{到达，上市（口语）}

• The new model will hit the market next month. ^{新型号将于下月上市。}
• The book hit the shelves last week. ^{这本书上周已上架。}
• The song hit the charts immediately. ^{这首歌立即进入排行榜。}

contrast / antithesis ^{对比；对照法（修辞）}

• The writer used contrast to highlight differences between the two policies. ^{作者用对比手法突出两项政策的不同。}
• Antithesis often creates a memorable sentence structure. Antithesis helps emphasize opposing ideas. ^{对照句式常使句子更易记忆，强调相对的观点。}
• He presented an antithesis to the common argument. ^{他提出了与常见论点相对的观点。}

As it happens, a razor that is safe in Europe is unlikely to electrocute Americans.

as it happens ^碰巧

• As it happens, I know his brother. ^{碰巧我认识他的兄弟。}
• As it happens, we met again in Paris. ^{碰巧我们又在巴黎见面了。}
• As it happens, I was just thinking about that. ^{碰巧我刚好也在想这件事。}

as luck would have it ^碰巧

• As luck would have it, the train was late. ^{碰巧火车晚点了。}
• As luck would have it, I found my lost wallet. ^{碰巧我找到了丢失的钱包。}
• As luck would have it, we met on the same flight. ^{碰巧我们坐同一班飞机。}

So, ask businesses on both sides of the Atlantic, why have two lots of tests where one would do?

business ^{公司/生意}

• He has done a lot of business here in China. ^{他在中国做了很多生意。}
• My father runs a small business in town. ^{我父亲在镇上经营一家小公司。}
• This business is growing fast. ^{这家公司发展得很快。}

why + do ^质问语气

• Why worry about such trifles? ^{为什么为这些小事烦恼？}
• Why blame yourself? ^{为什么责怪自己？}
• Why argue with him? ^{为什么和他争论？}

why not do ^建议做

• Why not try to train your character? ^{为什么不试着锻炼你的性格？}
• Why not go out for a walk? ^{为什么不出去散步？}
• Why not join us for dinner? ^{为什么不一起吃晚饭？}

lot ^{套、群、组}

• She bought a lot of books. ^{她买了一堆书。}
• This lot of cars is for export. ^{这批车是用于出口的。}
• They came in a lot. ^{他们成群结队地来了。}

do ^足够的

• Two burgers will do. ^{两个汉堡就够了。}
• This amount of money will do for now. ^{这笔钱暂时够用了。}
• One more chair will do nicely. ^{再加一把椅子就行了。}

Politicians agree, in principle, so America and the EU have been trying to reach a deal which would eliminate the need to double-test many products.

in principle ^{原则上，大致上}

• The government has agreed in principle to a referendum. ^{政府原则上同意举行公投。}
• We support the plan in principle. ^{我们原则上支持该计划。}
• He accepted the offer in principle. ^{他原则上接受了这个提议。}

They hope to finish in time for a trade summit between America and the EU on May 28th.

in time for ^及时赶上

• We arrived in time for the meeting. ^{我们及时赶上了会议。}
• He finished his work in time for lunch. ^{他及时完成了工作赶上吃午饭。}
• She got to the airport in time for her flight. ^{她及时赶上了航班。}

Although negotiators are optimistic, the details are complex enough that they may be hard-pressed to get a deal at all.

optimistic ^乐观的

• Bankers are cautiously optimistic about the country’s economic future. ^{银行家对国家经济前景持谨慎乐观态度。}
• We are optimistic about the results. ^{我们对结果很乐观。}
• He remained optimistic despite the difficulties. ^{尽管困难重重，他依然乐观。}

enough ^足够的

• The room is large enough to take another bed. ^{房间足够大，可以再放一张床。}
• He is old enough to drive. ^{他足够大了可以开车。}
• She wasn’t strong enough to lift it. ^{她不够力气抬起它。}

be hard-pressed to do ^{做某事困难}

• The emergency services were hard-pressed to deal with the accident. ^{急救部门应对事故时非常吃力。}
• They are hard-pressed to find skilled workers. ^{他们难以找到熟练工人。}
• We were hard-pressed to finish on time. ^{我们很难按时完成。}

Why? One difficulty is to construct the agreements.

construct ^{起草；建造}

• Construct a sentence carefully. ^{认真造句。}
• Construct an agreement with clear terms. ^{起草一份条款明确的协议。}
• They constructed a solid argument. ^{他们构建了有力的论证。}

The Americans would happily reach one accord on standards for medical devices and then hammer out different pacts covering, say, electronic goods and drug manufacturing.

cover ^{涵盖、包括}

• The course covers all aspects of business and law. ^{课程涵盖了商业与法律的各个方面。}
• The book covers a wide range of topics. ^{这本书涵盖了广泛的主题。}
• Insurance covers medical expenses. ^{保险包括医疗费用。}

say / let’s say ^{假定，比方说}

• Let’s say you win the prize — what will you do? ^{假设你赢得奖项——你会做什么？}
• Say we arrive late, will they still wait? ^{假如我们晚到，他们还会等吗？}
• Let’s say around 8 o’clock. ^{比方说大约八点。}

The EU -- following fine continental traditions -- wants agreement on general principles, which could be applied to many types of products and perhaps extended to other countries.

follow ^{遵循；照做}

• He was just following orders. ^{他只是执行命令。}
• Follow your teacher’s example. ^{效法你的老师。}
• Follow the crowd and you lose yourself. ^{随大流会失去自我。}

continental ^{大陆的；欧洲大陆的}

• A continental climate is dry and extreme. ^{大陆性气候干燥且变化剧烈。}
• He prefers continental food. ^{他更喜欢欧洲大陆的食物。}
• Continental art influenced Britain deeply. ^{欧洲大陆艺术对英国影响深远。}

be applied to ^被应用于

• This rule can be applied to many cases. ^{这条规则可用于许多情况。}
• The method is applied to teaching English. ^{这种方法被用于英语教学。}
• The system is applied to data analysis. ^{该系统被用于数据分析。}

extend to ^{延伸到；扩展到}

• The influence extends to Asia. ^{影响延伸到亚洲。}
• The rule extends to all members. ^{规则适用于所有成员。}
• The benefits extend to future generations. ^{好处延伸到后代。}