Lesson 36 The cost of government政府的开支

If a nation is essentially disunited, it is left to the government to hold it together.

essentially (adv.) ^{本质上/根本上}

• If a nation is essentially disunited, it is left to the government to hold it together.^{如果一个国家本质上是分裂的，就得由政府来维系它。}
• The two proposals are essentially the same, despite the different wording.^{尽管措辞不同，但这两个提案本质上是相同的。}
• His argument was essentially correct, though he missed some details.^{他的论点本质上是正确的，尽管他遗漏了一些细节。}

disunited (adj.) ^{分裂的/不团结的}

• If a nation is essentially disunited, the government must hold it together.^{如果一个国家本质上是分裂的，政府必须维系它。}
• The team became disunited after the leadership change.^{在领导层变动后，团队变得不团结。}
• A disunited front weakens the organization's position.^{一个不团结的阵线削弱了组织的地位。}

be left to sb. to do sth. ^{交给某人来做某事/由某人负责做某事}

• It is left to the government to hold it together.^{就得由政府来维系它。}
• The final decision was left to the manager to make.^{最终决定留给经理来做。}
• Since the committee couldn't agree, the task was left to the chairman to complete.^{由于委员会无法达成一致，这项任务就交由主席来完成了。}

hold together ^{维系/保持团结}

• It is left to the government to hold it together.^{就得由政府来维系它。}
• Despite immense pressure, the family managed to hold together.^{尽管面临巨大的压力，这个家庭还是设法维持了团结。}
• The ancient empire struggled to **hold together** under the stress of invasion.^{这个古老的帝国在入侵的压力下努力维系。}

This increases the expense of government, and reduces correspondingly the amount of economic resources that could be used for developing the country.

expense of government ^政府开支

• This increases the expense of government.^{这增加了政府的开支。}
• The new infrastructure project will significantly raise the expense of government.^{新的基础设施项目将显著提高政府开支。}
• The goal is to reduce the expense of government without cutting essential services.^{目标是在不削减基本服务的情况下减少政府开支。}

correspondingly (adv.) ^{相应地/相应地}

• This increases the expense of government, and reduces correspondingly the amount of economic resources.^{这增加了政府的开支，并相应地减少了经济资源。}
• As demand rose, prices increased correspondingly.^{随着需求的增加，价格相应地提高了。}
• The quality of the material is high, and the cost is correspondingly high.^{材料的质量很高，成本也相应地很高。}

economic resources ^经济资源

• The amount of economic resources that could be used for developing the country is reduced.^{可用于发展国家的经济资源数量相应地减少了。}
• The nation is rich in natural and economic resources.^{这个国家拥有丰富的自然和经济资源。}
• Mismanagement led to a severe depletion of economic resources.^{管理不善导致经济资源严重耗尽。}

And it should not be forgotten how small those resources are in a poor and backward country.

it should not be forgotten that... ^{不应该忘记…}

• And it should not be forgotten how small those resources are in a poor and backward country.^{而且不应该忘记，在一个贫穷落后的国家，这些资源是多么稀少。}
• It should not be forgotten that many early immigrants faced extreme hardship.^{不应该忘记，许多早期移民面临着极端的困境。}
• In discussing the future, **it should not be forgotten that** we must learn from the past.^{在讨论未来时，不应该忘记我们必须从过去学习。}

poor and backward country ^{贫穷落后的国家}

• The resources are very small in a poor and backward country.^{在一个贫穷落后的国家，资源是非常稀少的。}
• The charity focuses on bringing education to children in poor and backward countries.^{该慈善机构专注于为贫穷落后国家的儿童提供教育。}
• Development aid is essential for transforming a poor and backward country into a thriving one.^{发展援助对于将一个贫穷落后的国家转变为一个繁荣的国家至关重要。}

Where the cost of government is high, resources for development are correspondingly low.

cost of government is high ^{政府开支高}

• Where the cost of government is high, resources for development are low.^{在政府开支高的地方，用于发展的资源相应地就低。}
• The opposition argues that the **cost of government is too high** and calls for budget cuts.^{反对党认为政府开支过高，呼吁削减预算。}
• Reducing waste is one way to ensure the **cost of government is high** is managed.^{减少浪费是确保政府高开支得到控制的一种方式。}

resources for development ^{用于发展的资源}

• Resources for development are correspondingly low.^{用于发展的资源相应地就低。}
• The UN pledged more resources for development in Africa.^{联合国承诺向非洲提供更多的发展资源。}
• A stable economy provides the necessary resources for development.^{稳定的经济提供了必要的发展资源。}

This may be illustrated by comparing the position of a nation with that of a private business enterprise.

be illustrated by... ^{通过…来说明/例证}

• This may be illustrated by comparing the position of a nation with that of a private business enterprise.^{这可以通过比较一个国家的地位与一个私营企业公司的地位来说明。}
• The theory was illustrated by several case studies.^{这个理论通过几个案例研究得到了例证。}
• The lecture will be illustrated by slides and videos.^{这次讲座将通过幻灯片和视频来说明。}

compare A with B ^{将A与B进行比较}

• This may be illustrated by comparing the position of a nation with that of a private business enterprise.^{这可以通过将一个国家的地位与一个私营企业公司的地位进行比较来说明。}
• She asked me to compare the two insurance policies with each other.^{她让我将两份保险单进行比较。}
• We compared the benefits of working from home with working in the office.^{我们比较了在家工作和在办公室工作的益处。}

private business enterprise ^{私营企业公司}

• The comparison is made with a private business enterprise.^{将比较对象设定为一个私营企业公司。}
• The government is encouraging the growth of **private business enterprises**.^{政府正在鼓励私营企业公司的发展。}
• He runs a small **private business enterprise** in the city center.^{他在市中心经营一家小型私营企业公司。}

An enterprise has to incur certain costs and expenses in order to stay in business.

incur costs and expenses ^{承担/招致成本和费用}

• An enterprise has to incur certain costs and expenses in order to stay in business.^{一个企业必须承担一定的成本和费用才能维持经营。}
• The project is likely to incur significant legal expenses.^{这个项目可能会招致重大的法律费用。}
• They had to incur unexpected travel costs to attend the emergency meeting.^{他们不得不承担意料之外的差旅费用去参加紧急会议。}

stay in business ^{维持经营/继续营业}

• An enterprise has to incur costs in order to stay in business.^{一个企业必须承担成本才能维持经营。}
• After the economic downturn, many small shops struggled to stay in business.^{在经济衰退之后，许多小商店努力维持经营。}
• Their innovative marketing strategy helped the company stay in business.^{他们创新的营销策略帮助公司维持经营。}

For our purposes, we are concerned only with one kind of cost -- the cost of managing and administering the business.

be concerned with ^{关注/与…相关}

• For our purposes, we are concerned only with one kind of cost.^{出于我们的目的，我们只关注一种成本。}
• The public is deeply concerned with the issue of environmental pollution.^{公众对环境污染问题深感关注。}
• The report is primarily concerned with the financial aspects of the merger.^{这份报告主要与合并的财务方面相关。}

cost of managing and administering ^{管理和行政的成本}

• The cost we are concerned with is the cost of managing and administering the business.^{我们关注的成本是管理和行政企业的成本。}
• Reducing the cost of managing and administering the department is a key goal.^{降低管理和行政部门的成本是一个关键目标。}

Such administrative overheads in a business are analogous to the cost of government in a nation.

administrative overheads ^{行政管理费用/管理开销}

• Such administrative overheads in a business are analogous to the cost of government in a nation.^{企业中的此类行政管理费用类似于一个国家的政府开支。}
• The company is trying to cut down on unnecessary administrative overheads.^{该公司正试图削减不必要的行政管理费用。}
• Excessive administrative overheads can severely limit a small firm's profits.^{过多的行政管理费用会严重限制一家小公司的利润。}

be analogous to ^{与…相似/类比于}

• Administrative overheads in a business are analogous to the cost of government in a nation.^{企业中的行政管理费用类比于一个国家的政府开支。}
• The structure of the atom is analogous to the solar system.^{原子的结构与太阳系相似。}
• The function of the heart is often described as analogous to a pump.^{心脏的功能常被描述为类比于一个泵。}

The administrative overheads of a business are low to the extent that everyone working in the business can be trusted to behave in a way that best promotes the interests of the firm.

to the extent that... ^{在…程度上}

• The administrative overheads of a business are low to the extent that everyone working in the business can be trusted.^{企业中的行政管理费用低到所有在企业工作的人都可以被信任的程度。}
• The policy was successful to the extent that it reduced unemployment.^{这项政策在降低失业率的程度上是成功的。}
• She agreed with the proposal only to the extent that it concerned her department.^{她只在涉及她部门的程度上同意这项提议。}

promote the interests of the firm ^{促进公司的利益}

• Everyone can be trusted to behave in a way that best promotes the interests of the firm.^{每个人都可以被信任以最能促进公司利益的方式行事。}
• The board’s duty is to **promote the interests of the shareholders**.^{董事会的职责是促进股东的利益。}
• The ambassador worked hard to **promote the interests of his country** abroad.^{这位大使努力在国外促进他国家的利益。}

If they can each be trusted to take such responsibilities and to exercise such initiative as falls within their sphere, then administrative overheads will be low.

take responsibilities ^承担责任

• If they can each be trusted to take such responsibilities and to exercise such initiative.^{如果他们可以被信任来承担此类责任并发挥此类主动性。}
• Managers must be willing to take full responsibilities for the team's actions.^{经理必须愿意为团队的行为承担全部责任。}
• It's time for him to take responsibility for his mistakes.^{是时候让他为自己的错误承担责任了。}

exercise initiative ^{发挥主动性/采取主动行动}

• If they can be trusted to take responsibilities and to exercise such initiative.^{如果他们可以被信任来承担责任并发挥此类主动性。}
• The job requires employees who can exercise initiative and work independently.^{这份工作要求员工能够发挥主动性并独立工作。}
• She was praised for exercising great initiative in solving the crisis.^{她因在解决危机中发挥了巨大的主动性而受到赞扬。}

fall within one's sphere ^{属于某人的范围/领域}

• Such initiative as falls within their sphere.^{属于他们范围的主动性。}
• The issue does not fall within the scope of this investigation.^{这个问题不属于本次调查的范围。}
• Decisions about curriculum fall within the sphere of the academic council.^{关于课程的决定属于学术委员会的范围。}

It will be low because it will be necessary to have only one man looking after each job, without having another man to check upon what he is doing, keep him in line, and report on him to someone else.

look after ^{照看/负责}

• It will be necessary to have only one man looking after each job.^{只需要一个人负责每项工作。}
• Could you look after the children while I'm at the meeting?^{我开会的时候你能照看一下孩子吗？}
• The technician is responsible for looking after the computer systems.^{这位技术人员负责照看计算机系统。}

check upon ^{检查/核查}

• Without having another man to check upon what he is doing.^{不需要另一个人来核查他在做什么。}
• The supervisor often **checks upon the quality** of the work being produced.^{主管经常核查所生产工作的质量。}
• The auditor was asked to **check upon the company's financial records**.^{审计员被要求核查公司的财务记录。}

keep sb. in line ^{约束某人/使某人遵守纪律}

• Without having another man to check upon what he is doing, keep him in line, and report on him.^{不需要另一个人来核查他在做什么，约束他，并向别人汇报他。}
• The new regulations are intended to **keep spending in line** with the budget.^{新规定旨在约束支出与预算保持一致。}
• It took a lot of effort for the teacher to **keep the noisy class in line**.^{老师花了很大的力气才约束住这个吵闹的班级。}

report on sb. to sb. else ^{向别人汇报某人的情况}

• Without having another man to check upon what he is doing, keep him in line, and report on him to someone else.^{不需要另一个人来核查他在做什么，约束他，并向别人汇报他的情况。}
• The team leader is required to **report on the project progress to the directors** every week.^{团队领导被要求每周向董事们汇报项目进展情况。}

But if no one can be trusted to act in a loyal and responsible manner towards his job, then the business will require armies of administrators, checkers, and foremen and administrative overheads will rise correspondingly.

act in a loyal and responsible manner ^{以忠诚和负责任的方式行事}

• If no one can be trusted to act in a loyal and responsible manner towards his job.^{如果没人可以被信任以忠诚和负责任的方式对待他的工作。}
• Employees are expected to act in a professional and ethical manner.^{员工被期望以专业和道德的方式行事。}
• The politician promised to act in a manner that serves the public interest.^{这位政治家承诺以服务公众利益的方式行事。}

armies of... ^{大量的/成群的}

• The business will require armies of administrators, checkers, and foremen.^{企业将需要大量的行政人员、核查员和工头。}
• The software launch was supported by **armies of technical support staff**.^{该软件的发布得到了大量技术支持人员的支持。}
• We were greeted by **armies of reporters** at the press conference.^{我们在新闻发布会上受到了大量记者的迎接。}

rise correspondingly ^{相应地增加/上升}

• Administrative overheads will rise correspondingly.^{行政管理费用将相应地增加。}
• As the demand for the product increases, the price will rise correspondingly.^{随着对该产品的需求的增加，价格将相应地上涨。}
• His responsibilities expanded, and his salary **rose correspondingly**.^{他的责任扩大了，薪水也相应地增加了。}

As administrative overheads rise, so the earnings of the business after meeting the expense of administration, will fall; and the business will have less money to distribute as dividends or invest directly in its future progress and development.

As A rise, so B will fall ^{随着A上升，B将会下降（"so" 引导倒装句）}

earnings after meeting the expense ^{支付开支后的收益}

• The earnings of the business after meeting the expense of administration, will fall.^{企业在支付行政开支后的收益就会下降。}
• The company reported strong **earnings after meeting all operating costs**.^{该公司报告称，在支付所有运营成本后，收益强劲。}

distribute as dividends ^{作为股息分配}

• The business will have less money to distribute as dividends or invest directly.^{企业将有更少的资金作为股息分配或直接投资。}
• The company decided to **distribute a high percentage of its profits as dividends**.^{该公司决定将其利润的很高一部分作为股息分配。}
• The policy is to reinvest profits rather than distribute them as dividends.^{政策是再投资利润，而不是将它们作为股息分配。}

invest directly in... ^{直接投资于…}

• Less money to distribute as dividends or invest directly in its future progress and development.^{更少的资金作为股息分配或直接投资于其未来的进步和发展。}
• The firm decided to invest directly in the development of new technology.^{该公司决定直接投资于新技术的发展。}
• Many people prefer to invest directly in stocks and bonds rather than through a fund.^{许多人更喜欢直接投资于股票和债券，而不是通过基金。}

It is precisely the same with a nation.

precisely the same ^{完全一样/丝毫不差}

• It is precisely the same with a nation as it is with a private business.^{一个国家的情况与一个私营企业是完全一样的。}
• The new product is precisely the same as the original one, just a different color.^{新产品与原来的产品完全一样，只是颜色不同。}
• The results of the second experiment were precisely the same as the first.^{第二次实验的结果与第一次完全一样。}

the same with sth./sb. ^{…的情况也一样}

• It is precisely the same with a nation.^{一个国家的情况也完全一样。}
• He prefers quiet holidays, and it is the same with his wife.^{他喜欢安静的假期，他的妻子也是如此。}
• The rules apply to everyone, and it is **the same with you**.^{规则适用于每个人，你的情况也一样。}

To the extent that the people can be relied upon to behave in a loyal and responsible manner, the government does not require armies of police and civil servants to keep them in order.

be relied upon to do sth. ^{被依赖/信任去做某事}

• The people can be relied upon to behave in a loyal and responsible manner.^{人民可以被信任以忠诚和负责任的方式行事。}
• The team leader can always be relied upon to deliver quality work.^{这位团队领导总是可以被信任交付高质量的工作。}
• She is a calm person who can be relied upon to handle the crisis.^{她是一个可以被依赖处理危机的冷静的人。}

behave in a loyal and responsible manner ^{以忠诚和负责任的方式行事}

• The people can be relied upon to behave in a loyal and responsible manner.^{人民可以被信任以忠诚和负责任的方式行事。}
• All employees are expected to behave in a professional and ethical manner.^{所有员工都被期望以专业和道德的方式行事。}

armies of... ^{大量的/成群的}

• The government does not require armies of police and civil servants to keep them in order.^{政府不需要大量的警察和公务员来维持秩序。}
• The convention was attended by armies of devoted fans.^{这次大会吸引了大量忠实粉丝参加。}
• The project requires armies of technicians and engineers.^{这个项目需要大量的技术人员和工程师。}

keep sb. in order ^{维持某人的秩序/约束某人}

• The government does not require police and civil servants to keep them in order.^{政府不需要警察和公务员来维持秩序。}
• The teacher struggled to keep the large class in order during the field trip.^{在实地考察期间，老师努力维持这个大班的秩序。}
• Strict rules are often used to **keep the soldiers in order**.^{严格的规定经常被用来约束士兵。}

But if a nation is disunited, the government cannot be sure that the actions of the people will be in the interests of the nation; and it will have to watch, check, and control the people accordingly.

be in the interests of... ^{符合…的利益/对…有利}

• The government cannot be sure that the actions of the people will be in the interests of the nation.^{政府不能确定人民的行为是否符合国家的利益。}
• The new trade agreement is believed to be in the interests of all member countries.^{新的贸易协定被认为符合所有成员国的利益。}
• You must always ensure that your decisions are in the best interests of your clients.^{你必须始终确保你的决定符合你客户的最佳利益。}

watch, check, and control ^{监视、核查和控制}

• It will have to watch, check, and control the people accordingly.^{政府将不得不相应地监视、核查和控制人民。}
• The security system is designed to **watch and control** access to the building.^{安全系统旨在监视和控制对建筑物的访问。}
• A responsible government must **watch, check, and control** the use of public funds.^{一个负责任的政府必须监视、核查和控制公共资金的使用。}

accordingly (adv.) ^{相应地/因此}

• It will have to watch, check, and control the people accordingly.^{政府将不得不相应地监视、核查和控制人民。}
• The forecast predicted rain, so we dressed accordingly.^{天气预报预测会下雨，所以我们相应地穿了衣服。}
• The board approved the budget, and the departments adjusted their spending **accordingly**.^{董事会批准了预算，各部门相应地调整了支出。}

A disunited nation therefore has to incur unduly high costs of government.

incur costs ^{承担/招致成本}

• A disunited nation therefore has to incur unduly high costs of government.^{因此，一个分裂的国家不得不承担不适当的高额政府开支。}
• Starting a new project often means incurring initial setup costs.^{启动一个新项目通常意味着要承担初始设置成本。}
• The company incurred heavy losses during the economic crisis.^{这家公司在经济危机期间招致了巨额亏损。}

unduly high costs ^{不适当的高额成本}

• A disunited nation has to incur unduly high costs of government.^{一个分裂的国家不得不承担不适当的高额政府开支。}
• The court ruled that the fine was unduly high given the nature of the offense.^{法院裁定，考虑到罪行的性质，罚款是不适当的高额。}
• The new safety regulations should not impose **unduly high costs** on small businesses.^{新的安全规定不应该给小型企业带来不适当的高额成本。}