Lesson 12 Banks and their customers银行和顾客

When anyone opens a current account at a bank, he is lending the bank money, repayment of which he may demand at any time either in cash or by drawing a cheque in favour of another person.

lend / loan vs. borrow ^{借出 vs. 借入}

• He is lending the bank money^{他正在借钱给银行}.

when anyone..., he is... ^{无论是谁（做某事），就等于在...}

• When anyone opens a current account^{无论是谁开设活期账户} at a bank, he is lending the bank money^{他就是在借钱给银行}.
• When anyone tries to cross the pass on foot^{无论是谁试图徒步穿越这个山口}, he is risking his life^{就等于在冒生命危险}.
• When anyone accesses this data^{无论是谁访问这些数据}, he is violating the privacy policy^{他就是在违反隐私政策}.

名词 + 介词 + 关系代词 (repayment of which) ^{引导非限定性定语从句}

• ...he is lending the bank money, repayment of which he may demand^{他可以随时要求偿还这笔钱} at any time...
• He has two sons, one of whom died in the war^{其中一个在战争中阵亡}.
• The speaker posed four questions, the answers to which proved very illuminating^{这些问题的答案被证明非常具有启发性}.

repayment of... / repay / pay back ^{偿还、归还}

• He may demand repayment of^偿还 the money.

in favor of... ^{以某人/某部门为受款人（支票）}

• ...by drawing a cheque in favour of another person^{开一张以另一个人为受款人的支票}.
• Checks should be written / drawn in favor of School^{支票应以学校为受款人}.
• The check was made out in favor of the landlord^{支票是开给房东的}.

Primarily, the banker-customer relationship is that of debtor and creditor -- who is which depending on whether the customer's account is in credit or is overdrawn.

Primarily / Principally / Chiefly / Mainly / Largely / Above all / First and foremost ^{主要的（副词同义替换）}

• Primarily^主要的, the banker-customer relationship is that of debtor and creditor.
• Chiefly^主要的, the concern is the safety of the public.
• First and foremost^{首先且最重要的是}, we must ensure quality.

the banker-customer relationship is that of debtor and creditor ^{银行和客户的关系（是）债务人和债权人的关系}

• The banker-customer relationship^{银行-客户关系} is that of debtor and creditor^{债务人和债权人}.

语义相对的名词并列 ^{常省略冠词}

whether / if ^{从句区别（表示“是否”）}

• ...depending on whether the customer's account is in credit^{取决于客户的账户是否处于贷方} or is overdrawn.

be overdrawn / be in the red ^{有赤字；透支}

• The customer's account is overdrawn^透支的.
• Your account is in the red^{有赤字/透支}.
• We need to avoid the company going into the red^{进入赤字状态}.

But, in addition to that basically simple concept, the bank and its customer owe a large number of obligations to one another.

in addition to / besides / as well as / together with / along with / apart from / aside from ^{除了...之外，还...}

• In addition to that basically simple concept^{除了那个基本的简单概念之外}, the bank and its customer owe a large number of obligations.
• Besides^除了 studying, she also works part-time.
• The cost includes the book as well as^以及 the course fee.

owe sth. to sb. / owe sb. sth. ^{欠某人某事}

• The bank and its customer owe a large number of obligations to one another^{彼此负有大量的义务}.
• I owe you a lot^{我欠你很多}.

owe / have obligations to sb. ^{对某人有义务}

• Parents owe / have obligations to their children^{父母对他们的孩子负有义务}.
• You owe him an apology^{你欠他一个道歉}.
• He felt he had an obligation to help^{他觉得他有义务帮助}.

one another / each other ^互相

• The bank and its customer owe obligations to one another^互相.
• They often write to each other^互相.

Many of these obligations can give rise to problems and complications but a bank customer, unlike, say, a buyer of goods, cannot complain that the law is loaded against him.

give rise to sth. (fml.) / cause / effect / result in / bring about / lead to... ^{导致...（正式表达）}

• Many of these obligations can give rise to problems and complications^{可能导致问题和复杂情况}.

sth. is loaded against... ^{对...不公平}

• ...cannot complain that the law is loaded against him^{法律对他不利/不公平}.
• The justice system is loaded against ethnic minorities^{司法系统对少数民族不公平}.
• The dice were loaded against the visiting team^{局势对客队不利}.

be prejudiced / biased against... ^{对...有偏见}

The bank must obey its customer's instructions, and not those of anyone else.

obey instructions ^遵守命令

• The bank must obey its customer's instructions^{遵守其客户的指令}.
• All staff are required to strictly obey instructions^{严格遵守指令}.
• The system will only function if you obey all instructions^{遵守所有指令}.

指令相关的搭配 ^词组替换

When, for example, a customer first opens an account, he instructs the bank to debit his account only in respect of cheques drawn by himself.

in respect of / with respect to / with regard to / concerning / regarding / respecting ^{关于（介词短语同义替换）}

• ...to debit his account only in respect of cheques^{只针对他自己开的支票} drawn by himself.
• The committee will look at all data with respect to^关于 the new budget.
• I have some concerns regarding^关于 your recent performance.

He gives the bank specimens of his signature, and there is a very firm rule that the bank has no right or authority to pay out a customer's money on a cheque on which its customer's signature has been forged.

signature ^{署名；签名；信号}

• He gives the bank specimens of his signature^签名样本.

authority ^{职权，权限}

• The bank has no right or authority^权限 to pay out a customer's money.
• Only the treasurer has authority^职权 to sign checks.
• You are acting outside your authority^权限范围.

pay out ^{支付（大笔的钱）}

• ...to pay out a customer's money^{支付客户的钱} on a cheque...
• We’re paying out $300 a month^{我们每月支付300美元} on our mortgage.
• The insurance company had to pay out a huge sum^{不得不支付一大笔钱} after the fire.

It makes no difference that the forgery may have been a very skillful one: the bank must recognize its customer's signature.

make a difference ^有用

• It makes no difference^{这毫无作用} that the forgery may have been a very skillful one.
• Every vote makes a difference^{每一张选票都有用} in the election.
• A little extra effort can make a big difference^{可以产生很大的作用}.

For this reason there is no risk to the customer in the practice, adopted by banks, of printing the customer's name on his cheques.

For this reason / thus / therefore / ergo / as a result / as a consequence / so / hence / thereupon / accordingly / consequently / in consequence ^{因此（近义词组）}

• For this reason^{因为这个原因} there is no risk to the customer...
• The path was icy, therefore^因此, we walked slowly.
• He was late; consequently^因此, he missed the meeting.

risk of vs. risk to ^{做某事的风险 vs. 对某事的风险}

• There is no risk to the customer^{对客户没有风险} in the practice...
• The job carries a high risk of serious injury^{有严重受伤的风险}.
• Pollution poses a serious risk to^{对...有风险} public health.

the practice of doing sth. ^{做某事的惯例}

• ...in the practice, adopted by banks, of printing the customer's name^{银行采纳的打印客户姓名的惯例} on his cheques.
• It is a common practice of closing shops on Sundays^{周日关店的惯例} in some countries.
• The company stopped the practice of dumping waste^{倾倒垃圾的惯例} into the sea.

If this facilitates forgery, it is the bank which will lose, not the customer.

facilitate... / ease / smooth the way for... ^{使某事更容易}

• If this facilitates forgery^{如果这会使伪造更容易}, it is the bank which will lose.
• The new software will facilitate communication^{使沟通更容易} between departments.

It is... which... ^{特殊强调句（尤其用于科技、说明文体）}

• it is the bank which will lose^{是银行将遭受损失}, not the customer.
• It is heat which makes matter expand and melt^{是热量使物质膨胀和熔化}.
• It is the release of nuclear energy^{是核能的释放} within the Sun which enables it to send out so much energy to the earth.

if..., it is... that/which/who(m)..., not... ^{如果...，那么是...，而不是...（课文句型提炼）}

• If this facilitates forgery, it is the bank which will lose, not the customer^{如果这会使伪造更容易，那么是银行将遭受损失，而不是客户}.
• If there is one—which I take leave to doubt—then it is older people who create it, not the young themselves^{那么是老年人造成了它，而不是年轻人本身}.