Lesson 15 Secrecy in industry工业中的秘密 独立主格 并列句

Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry.

weigh ^{（动词）衡量；有分量}

• They like to take their time and weigh a wide range of options. ^{他们喜欢慢慢来，权衡各种选择。}
• How much do adult grey squirrels weigh at most? ^{成年灰松鼠的体重最多有多少？}
• You weigh about 90% less in the pool. ^{在游泳池里，你的体重会减少90%。}

One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other (being) the lack of freedom of the individual research worker. ^{因素（Two factors）}

atmosphere ^{n.the mood or feeling that exists in a place and affects the people who are there 气氛}

• After Joe left there was a more relaxed atmosphere at home.
• There is an atmosphere of tension in the city today.
• Of course, the Hubble is above the Earth's atmosphere, so it will soon be sending us the clearest pictures of the stars and distant galaxies that we have ever seen.

独立主格 § ^{当主句与状语的主语（状态、原因、时间或伴随动作的非谓语结构...）不同时使用}

逻辑主语 + 非谓语动词

1、分词 ^{(现在分词 Ving​ 或过去分词 Ved​)}
2、不定式 ^{(较少见，通常省略 to be)}
3、名词/形容词/副词/介词短语 ^{(此时需加上 be 动词的现在分词形式 being 或 having been)}

• The meeting adjourned, the business unfinished.^{会议休会了，事情未完成}
• The sun setting, we decided to go home.^{太阳落山了，我们决定回家}
• The meeting being over, we all went home. ^{会议结束了，我们都回家了。}
• All the tickets sold out, they decided to cancel the concert. ^{所有的票都卖光了，他们决定取消音乐会。（注：这里可以视为省略了 being）}
• He stood there in the rain, his hands in his pockets. ^{他站在雨中，手插在口袋里。}

In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or even, often enough, in other departments of the same firm.

in so far as / insofar as ^{在...的范围之内；因为}

• She cites other scholars’ work only insofar as it supports her own theories.^{只在支持她自己的理论的范围内引用其他学者的工作(= to the extent that … 在…的范围之内；到达…的程度)}
• He can be trusted insofar as he has never told a lie.^{他值得信任，因为他从没说过谎(= because / since / in that)}

limit ... from ... ^{使...限制；使...不能(动词 + from 往往有否定的含义)}

• Any attempt to limit their freedoms would prevent society from achieving perfection. ^{任何限制他们自由的企图都会阻止社会达到完美。}
• Negative mindsets limit possibilities from the very start. ^{消极心态从一开始限制了可能性。}
• Don't limit yourself to collecting from the world of design. ^{不要把自己限制在收集全世界的设计上。}

keep in contact with sb. 

• Please don’t hesitate to contact with me if you have further questions. ^{contact (vt.) 与某人保持联系；接触（及物动词）}
• We must keep in contact with them. ^{contact n.联系；接触}
• Would you please keep in contact with me by email? ^{你愿意用邮件与我保持联系吗？}

The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably.

vary ^{变化(五星重要)}

• Prices vary from salon to salon, starting at $30 for a cut and blow-dry. ^{各家美发店价格不一，剪吹起价$30。}
• Children vary considerably in the rate at which they learn these lessons. ^{孩子们学习这些课的速度差别相当大。}
• They vary in colors from country to country. ^{它们的颜色因国家而异。}

Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret.

of ... nature ^{做后置定语，表示“某种类型的...”修饰前面的名词}

• … dangers of the most perilous nature …
• treaties of a political nature ^{政治性的条约}
• books of an erotic nature ^{色情的书刊}
• questions of an academic nature ^{学术性的问题}
• articles of a technical nature ^{技术性的文章}
• I can’t approve of things of this nature.
• We discussed questions of an academic nature.

表达“对他们来说最有利的” ^同义替换

• … it is in their best interests not to … ^{(… it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret.)}
• … to keep them open (to the public).

Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out.

research [U] / researches [pl.] / study [C] ^研究

• Some further researches are being done in many countries. ^{许多国家正在进行进一步的研究。}
• We are currently conducting further research into the matter.
• The university published two studies on climate change.

seek for / after ... ^{vi./vt.寻求；追求}

• Some people will pursue it, seek for it; ^{有人追求它，探寻它；}
• They continue to seek solutions to the problem.
• His autograph is much sought after by collectors.

take out a patent  ^{专利相关表达}

• The inventor plans to take out a patent for his new device next month. ^{这位发明家计划下个月为他的新设备取得专利。}
• Inventors must apply for a patent to protect their work.
• The company was sued for infringing a patent. ^侵犯专利

表达“直到拥有知识产权” 

… until they own the intellectual property rights.  ^{同义替换 … until the stage at which patents can be taken out.}

Even more processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes. ^{not 不是 ... but 而是...(省略be动词引导并列句)}

(never 包含 not) at all ^{根本不（用于否定句或疑问句以加强语气）}

• She wasn't surprised at all by the news.
• Did you find any mistakes at all?

This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries.

apply to ... ^适用于

• The rules of safe driving apply to everyone.
• The restriction no longer applies to him because he is over 18.

chance ^{adj. accidental 偶然的}

• a chance meeting / encounter
• We had a chance encounter at the airport.

play a ... role / part in ... ^{发挥某种作用}

Lenend has it that the antibiotic penicillin is a chance discovery by British bacteriologist Sir Alexander Fleming.

• The city of Xi’an played a crucial role in the history of China.
• The government should play a more prominent part in promoting human rights.

Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned.

go to such an extent that... ^{达到如此程度以至于... so ... that ...}

• His rudeness went to such an extent that everyone left the room.
• The drought went to such an extent that the crops failed.

Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are unwilling to have their names entered as having taken out such and such a book, for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking.

have difficulty (in) doing sth. ^{做某事有困难}

• He will have difficulty doing the advanced math problems. ^{他做这些高等数学题会有困难。}
• She had a hard time writing the dear John letter.
• He had trouble finding the right solution.

be unwilling to do sth. ^{不愿意做某事}

• She is always willing to help.^{总是愿意帮忙.(反义词)}
• They are unwilling to do extra work without being paid more. ^{他们不愿意在没有得到更多报酬的情况下做额外的工作。} 
• The directors were unwilling to respond to questions. ^{董事们不愿意回答问题。}
• Judges were unwilling to nullify government decisions. ^{法官们不愿废止政府决定。}

take out ^{borrow books from a library 从图书馆借书}

• You can take out six books at a time.
• They find a house, agree a price, and take out a mortgage. ^{含义2： obtain an official document 获得政府正式文件}

such and such a ... ^某某

• I need to speak to such and such a person about the incident.
• In such and such a place, he answered. ^{他回答是某某地方。}
• Are you going to get such and such a hat? ^{你打算买某种的帽子吗？}

for fear (that) ... ^{以免、以防（引导目的状语）}

• We spoke in whispers for fear of waking the baby. ^{(... that we might wake the baby.)}
• I daren’t tell you what he did, for fear that he should be angry with me. ^{以免他生我的气}
• Take an umbrella in case it rains. ^以防下雨
• I daren’t tell you what he did, for fear that he should be angry with me. ^{我不敢告诉你他做了什么，以免他生我的气。}