Lesson 15 Secrecy in industry工业中的秘密

Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry.

weigh ^{（动词）衡量；有分量}

• Two factors weigh heavily against^{严重不利于} the effectiveness of scientific research...

One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker.

atmosphere ^气氛

• One is the general atmosphere of secrecy^保密气氛 in which it is carried out...
• After Joe left there was a more relaxed atmosphere^气氛 at home.
• There is an atmosphere of tension^紧张气氛 in the city today.

独立主格 ^{语法：the other (being) ...}

• ...the other the lack of freedom^{另一个是缺乏自由} of the individual research worker.
• The meeting adjourned, the business unfinished^{会议休会了，事情未完成}.
• The sun setting, we decided to go home^{太阳落山了，我们决定回家}.

In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or even, often enough, in other departments of the same firm.

in so far as / insofar as ^{在...的范围之内；因为}

• In so far as any inquiry is a secret one^{就任何调查是秘密的而言（因为是秘密的）}, it naturally limits...
• She cites other scholars’ work only insofar as it supports her own theories^{只在支持她自己的理论的范围内引用其他学者的工作}.
• He can be trusted insofar as he has never told a lie^{他值得信任，因为他从没说过谎}.

limit ... from ... ^{使...限制；使...不能}

• ...it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact^{自然限制了所有从事这项工作的人无法进行有效接触} with their fellow scientists...

keep in contact with sb. / contact (vt.) ^{与某人保持联系；接触（及物动词）}

• ...from effective contact with their fellow scientists^{与他们的科学家同行的有效接触}...
• I try to keep in touch with^保持联系 my high school friends.
• Please don’t hesitate to contact me^联系我 if you have further questions.

The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably.

vary ^变化

• The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably^{保密程度自然差异相当大}.

Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret.

of a ... nature ^{做后置定语，表示“某种类型的...”}

• ...researches which are of such general and fundamental nature^{是如此普遍和基础的性质} that...
• I can’t approve of things of this nature^这种性质.
• We discussed questions of an academic nature^{学术性的问题}.

表达“对他们来说最有利的” ^同义替换

• ...it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret^{对他们来说不保密是最有利的}.

表达“不保密” ^同义替换

• ...it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret^不保密.

Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out.

research [U] / researches [pl.] / study [C] ^研究

• ...processes depending on such research^{依赖于此类研究}...
• We are currently conducting further research^研究 into the matter.
• The university published two studies^研究报告 on climate change.

seek for / after ... ^{寻求；追求}

• ...are sought for with complete secrecy^{被完全秘密地寻求}...
• They continue to seek solutions^{寻求解决方案} to the problem.
• His autograph is much sought after^{被很多人追求} by collectors.

take out a patent / apply for a patent / give / grant a patent / infringe a patent ^{专利相关表达}

• ...until the stage at which patents can be taken out^{直到可以取得专利的阶段}.

表达“直到拥有知识产权” ^同义替换

• ...until the stage at which patents can be taken out^{直到可以取得专利的阶段}.

Even more processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes.

at all ^{根本（用于否定句或疑问句以加强语气）}

• Even more processes are never patented at all^{根本没有被授予专利} but kept as secret processes.
• She wasn't surprised at all^{根本不惊讶} by the news.
• Did you find any mistakes at all^{到底有没有}?

This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries.

apply to ... ^适用于

• This applies particularly to chemical industries^{这尤其适用于化学工业}...
• The rules of safe driving apply to everyone^{适用于每个人}.
• The restriction no longer applies to him^{不再适用于他} because he is over 18.

chance ^{偶然的（形容词）}

• ...where chance discoveries^{偶然的发现} play a much larger part...
• We had a chance encounter^{一次偶然的相遇} at the airport.

play a ... role / part in ... ^{发挥某种作用}

• ...where chance discoveries play a much larger part^{发挥更大的作用} than they do...
• The city of Xi’an played a crucial role^{发挥了至关重要的作用} in the history of China.
• The government should play a more prominent part^{发挥更显著的作用} in promoting human rights.

Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned.

goes to such an extent that... ^{达到如此程度以至于...}

• Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that^{保密有时达到如此程度以至于} the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned.
• His rudeness went to such an extent that^{他的粗鲁达到了如此程度以至于} everyone left the room.
• The drought went to such an extent that^{干旱达到了如此程度以至于} the crops failed.

Many firms, for instance have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are unwilling to have their names entered as having taken out such and such a book, for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking.

have difficulty (in) doing sth. / have trouble (in) doing sth. / have a hard time doing sth. ^{做某事有困难}

• Many firms... have great difficulty in obtaining^很难获得 technical or scientific books from libraries...
• She had a hard time writing^她很难写 the dear John letter.
• He had trouble finding^很难找到 the right solution.

be hard-pressed to do sth. ^{某事太复杂，不大可能成功或发生}

be unwilling to do sth. / be reluctant to do sth. / be disinclined to do sth. ^{不愿意做某事}

• ...because they are unwilling to have their names entered^{因为他们不愿意登记他们的名字}...

take out ^{从图书馆借书；获得正式文件}

• ...as having taken out such and such a book^{借走了某某书}...
• You can take out six books^{你可以借六本书} at a time.
• They find a house... and take out a mortgage^{获得抵押贷款}.

such and such a ^某某

• ...as having taken out such and such a book^某某书...
• I need to speak to such and such a person^某某人 about the incident.

for fear (that) ... / in case (that) ... ^{以免、以防（引导目的状语）}

• ...for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace^{以免其他公司的代理人能够追查} the kind of research...
• I daren’t tell you what he did, for fear that he should be angry with me^{以免他生我的气}.
• Take an umbrella in case it rains^以防下雨.