Lesson 18 Porpoises海豚 让步状语从句 非限定性定语从句 虚拟语气

There has long been a superstition among mariners that porpoises will save drowning men by pushing them to the surface, or protect them from sharks by surrounding them in defensive formation.

There be + 无灵主语 ^{地道句式(写作仿写：无灵主语 + 同位语从句)}

• There is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers.
• There has long been a superstition among the Chinese that seeing a magpie will bring you good luck / is a good omen / is an auspicious omen. ^{中国人长久以来迷信看见喜鹊会有好运气。}
• There has long been a superstition among the Chinese that hearing the crowing of a crow is a bad omen / an ill omen / an ominous omen. ^{中国人长久以来迷信听见乌鸦叫是不吉利的(A bad omen 、An ill omen)。}

While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. ^{很多记者长期依赖律师提供给他们的解释}

superstition ^{迷信；迷信的观念}

• Many people still hold on to old superstitions about black cats and broken mirrors. ^{许多人仍然相信关于黑猫和破镜子的旧迷信观念。}
• We should try to break down / abolish superstition.^破除迷信.
• The belief that breaking a mirror brings bad luck is an old superstition.
• Some media outlets regrettably foster superstition instead of promoting science. ^{一些媒体遗憾地助长迷信，而不是推广科学。}

A bad omen / An ill omen / An ominous omen ^{不吉利的预兆}

• Seeing a black cat is sometimes considered to be an ill omen.
• The dark clouds were an ominous omen of the coming storm.

Marine Studio biologists have pointed out that, however intelligent they may be, it is probably a mistake to credit dolphins with any motive of life-saving.

studio ^{（广播、电视的）录音室，录像室，演播室，制作室；（音乐）录音棚；电影公司；电影制片厂} 

• Universal Studios ^环球影院
• a studio for rent ^单间出租
• So glad you could come to our studio. ^{很高兴您能来到我们的演播室。}

point out ^{指出，提醒注意(out + that 原因是副词前移 put it out)}

• Franz poured scorn on the idea, pointing out that his brother had been killed in action during the war.
• At this, the police pointed out ironically that this would hardly be necessary as the men were already under arrest.
• He has pointed out that the tree is a useful source of income, as tourists have been coming from all parts of the country to see it.
• After telling several of his friends about the theft, Dimitri found out that his neighbour, Aleko, had suddenly acquired a new lamb. ^{（out是副词found it out）}

in that / but that / except that ^{“介词 + that”例外(看做复合连词)}

• A word processor is much better than a typewriter in that it enables you to enter and text your text more easily.  ^{in that 不能放句首，表原因}
• The film is unique in that it explores the depths of the human psyche. ^{说明主句中现象或观点的具体原因、依据或限定方面（事实或观点成立的特定方面或前提，常用于解释或限定前述的判断或比较。）}
• He had nothing to complain about, except that he had to commute a long distance every day. ^{“除了…之外”，通常在句中表示例外或排除一个事实。}
• The novel was perfect, but that the ending felt a bit rushed.  ^{but that 引导一个从句，指出“完美”的唯一缺陷/例外。}
• But that the weather was too cold, we would have gone swimming. ^{“but that” 和 “except that” 可以用来表达 “要不是；如果不是” 的假设条件，常用于虚拟语气。}
• She might have been fired except that he arrived in time. ^{except that 引导假设条件从句（与过去事实相反），主句用虚拟语气。}

宾语从句内的让步状语从句

• No matter how intelligent they may be, the dolphins cannot reason like humans. ^替换表达
• although / though / even though / while they may be intelligent, … ^替换表达
• Intelligent as they may be, they lack the capacity for complex moral judgment. §

credit sb. with sth. ^{认为某人有某种特征}

• I had credited them with more integrity than they showed. ^{(反话，没想到他们这么不正直)}
• I credited you with a little more sense. ^{(反话，没想到你这么糊涂)}

motive for / behind sth. ^{做某事的动机}

• The police are still investigating the motive for the murder.
• the motive behind the bombing
• Economy is one powerful motive for camping, since after the initial outlay upon equipment, or through hiring it, the total expense can be far less than the cost of hotels. 
• The motive for / behind the bombing is revenge. ^{做某事的动机}
• the motive of revenge ^{复仇这个动机}

主张-反应模式 ^写作技巧

• Claim^{声称 (Superstition among mariners: porpoises save drowning men).}
• Denial^{否认 (Marine Studio biologists: it is probably a mistake to credit dolphins with any motive of life-saving).}
• Reasons for denial^{否认的理由 (后文将提供).}

On the occasions when they have pushed to shore an unconscious human being they have much more likely done it out of curiosity or for sport, as in riding the bow waves of a ship.

on / upon ... occasion ^{某事发生的时刻、场合}

• Mendoza met Humphries in the ring on a later occasion and he lost for a second time.
• It is possible that upon such an occasion a battle ensued, with the sharks being driven away or killed. ^本课
• The whole family gathers together on special occasions like Christmas. ^{全家人在圣诞节这样的特殊时刻/场合聚在一起。}
• On such occasions, a formal dress code is usually required. ^{在这种场合，通常需要正式的着装规范。}
• On rare occasions, the northern lights can be seen from this far south. ^{在罕见的场合，从南部这么远的地方也能看到北极光。}

动词 + 副词 + 宾语^{（宾语后置）}

• … they have pushed an unconscious human being to shore … ^正常语序  ⇒ … they have pushed to shore an unconscious human being … ^{宾语后置/状语前置}
• … we have to lower into the ground and haul out of the ground great lengths of drill pipes which are rotated by an engine at the top and are fitted with a cutting bit at the bottom. ^{（宾语后置）}

His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision. ^{（宾语后置）}
Please download from the website and send to me by email the software of which we are in urgent need. ^{请把我们急需的那个软件从网站上下载下来然后通过e-mail 发送给我。}

out of ... ^{出于...（原因状语）}

• I’m turning to you out of desperation.
• Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.
• The children hid under the bed out of fear when the thunder started. ^{雷声响起时，孩子们出于恐惧躲到了床底下。}

sport ^{乐趣、好玩、消遣}

• Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport...
• They were only doing it for fun.
• Oh, you're being a really good sport about this... ^{表现得非常有风度}

as in doing sth. ^{如同做某事（省略主语成分的状语从句）}

On the occasions when they have pushed to shore an unconscious human being they have much more likely done it out of curiosity or for sport, as (they have done it out of curiosity or for sport) in riding the bow waves of a ship. ^课文补全

• Air is to man as water is to fish. ^{(书面语中)表示“像…一样”一定是连词}
• In New York, like ^X as in some other cities, environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious. ^{老托福语法改错题}
• In New York, as environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious ^(补全) in some other cities, environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious.
• It is almost always due to some very special circumstances that traces of land animals survive, as by falling into inaccessible caves, or into an ice crevasse, like the Siberian mammoths, when the whole animal is sometimes preserved, as in a refrigerator.
• It is almost always due to some very special circumstances that traces of land animals survive, as traces of land animals survive^(补全)  by falling into inaccessible caves, or into an ice crevasse, like the Siberian mammoths, when the whole animal is sometimes preserved, as the whole animal is preserved^(补全) in a refrigerator.

In 1928 some porpoises were photographed working like beavers to push ashore a waterlogged mattress.

photograph sb. doing sth. ^{拍下某人正在做某事}

• They were photographed playing with the children.
• The journalist managed to photograph the celebrity leaving the secret meeting. ^{这位记者设法拍下了这位名人在秘密会议后离开的照片。}

beaver ^海狸

• The conservation group is monitoring the local population of the Eurasian beaver. ^{这个保护组织正在监测当地欧亚海狸的数量。}
• The construction crew worked like beavers to finish the project on time.

If, as has been reported, they have protected humans from sharks, it may have been because curiosity attracted them and because the scent of a possible meal attracted the sharks.

as 引导非限定定语从句 (区别于 which)

1. as 作为关系代词指代整个主句，而 which 作为关系代词指代整个主句或先行词均可。
2. as 引导的非限定性定语从句位于主句前、中、后均可，而which 引导的非限定性定语从句不能位于主句之前。
3. as 引导的非限定性定语从句含有“众所周知”的意思，常译为“正如……”，而which 引导的非限定性定语从句则未必有这个意思。
4. 在“as + is/was + done”结构中可省略“is/was”，而在 “which + is/was + done”可省略“which + is/was”，而不能只省略 be 动词。

• As a poet points out, life is but a dream. 
• Children, as is always the case, love their mother.
• She became angry, as many could see.
• As is so often pointed out, knowledge is a two-edged weapon... 
• As is so often pointed out, knowledge is a two-edged weapon which can be used equally for good or evil.
• The sun heats the earth, which makes it possible for plants to grow.^{（不能换成as，没有“正如”的含义）}
• As (is) reported, a foreign delegation will visit the city. 
• a puma (which was) at large 

If, as reported, they have protected humans from sharks, … ^课文简写

• As Napoleon once pointed it ^X out, attack is the best method of defense.  ^{多了宾语（美式）}
• Cave exploration, or pot-holing, as it has come to be known, is a relatively new sport. ^{美式英语会认为是错的（as引导非限定性定语从句），英式认为as引导方式状语从句}
• The problem, as I see it, is no big deal. ^{错与对是根据英式还是美式}
• The author was brought up in a small village, as it is recounted in some of his stories. ^{雅思这句没有问题，托福就属于错误}

it may have been because ... ^{原因可能是因为...}

• It is because of your help that I succeeded. ^{正是因为你的帮助我才成功了.}
• The reason I left is that I was unhappy. ^{我离开的原因是我不开心.} 
• The reason is because I was unhappy. ❌

… it may have been because curiosity attracted them … ⇒ … the reason may have been that curiosity attracted them … ^{课文写法替换}

Porpoises and sharks are natural enemies.

natural enemies ^{天敌(复数名词表类别)}

• The fox is the natural enemy of the rabbit.
• This rabbit had no natural enemies in the Antipodes, …
• Birds are natural enemies of insect pests of human bird friend. ^{鸟是害虫的天敌鸟是人类的朋友。}

It is possible that upon such an occasion a battle ensued, with the sharks being driven away or killed.

it is possible that ... ^有可能...

• It is possible that there is a definite relation between these paintings and the markings that sometimes accompany them.
• It is possible that he missed the train.
• Yes, it is possible that we forgot to buy cinnamon. ^{是的,我们可能忘了买桂皮粉。}

* Whether it be bird, fish or beast, the porpoise is intrigued with anything that is alive. ^{使用假虚拟增强文言色彩}

Whether it be ... ^{(虚拟语气) 无论是...（让步状语从句）}

• Whether it is bird, fish or beast, … ^{普通表达(成对出现时不用加冠词)}
• Whether it be beauty, money, or authority, the man is intrigued by anything that possesses it.
• After all, all living creatures live by feeding on something else, whether it be plant or animal, dead or alive, and it is only by chance that such a fate is avoided. 
• Whether she be right or wrong, she will have my unswerving support.
• Though he be the President himself, he shall listen to us. ^{不光Whether可以引导，其它的也可以}

be型虚拟倒装 ^{be放在句首}

• Be it bird, fish or beast, the porpoise is intrigued with anything... ^{Be it ... 无论是...}
• Home is home, be it ever so homely. ^{尽管它可能再怎么简朴}
• Home is home, though it be ever so homely. ^{家就是家，尽管它可能再怎么简朴。}

Though the girl be beautiful, I don't like her.
Once the educators, be they administrators or teachers, are under the control of students, even a democratic situation would be like holding royalty accountable to the mob.
Once the educators, whether they be administrators or teachers, are under the control of students, even a democratic situation would be like holding royalty accountable to the mob.

be intrigued with / by ... ^{对...感到好奇/着迷}

• I was intrigued by his strange behavior. ^{被他奇怪的行为所吸引}
• The children were intrigued with the new toy. ^{对新玩具很着迷}

They are constantly after the turtles, who peacefully submit to all sorts of indignities.

be after ... ^{追逐；追捕；想抓住或得到...}

• The police are after the fugitive.^{警察正在追捕逃犯}
• I’m sure she’s after my husband. ^{她肯定想得到我丈夫}
• He's after my job. ^{他觊觎我的工作。}

submit to ... ^{服从；屈服于；甘心忍受...}

• We're saying, “God, I want to submit to You. 我们就是在说，“神啊，我愿降服于你。
• All countries in the EU must submit to its laws.
• I’m not prepared to submit to this painful course of treatment.
• First, you must give Helen back to my brother. Second, Troy must submit to my command to fight for me whenever I call.

So let us begin anew—remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof. Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.  —— John F. Kennedy

One young calf especially enjoyed raising a turtle to the surface with his snout, and then shoving him across the tank like an aquaplane.

calf ^{大型动物的幼崽（如海豚、鲸、牛、象等）}

• The mother elephant protected her newborn calf fiercely from predators. ^{母象猛烈地保护她刚出生的幼象免受捕食者的侵害。}
• The mare gave birth to a small foal.
• A shepherd was tending his lambs.
• The lion cub was playing with its mother.

Almost any day a young porpoises may be seen trying to turn a 300-pound sea turtle over by sticking his snout under the edge of his shell and pushing up for dear life.

stick sth. ^{伸出（某物）}

• Stick’em up! ^举起手来
• The boy was dared to stick his hand into the dark hole. ^{把他的手伸进黑洞里}
• The doctor asked me to stick out my tongue. ^{伸出我的舌头}

for dear life ^拼命地

• The hikers clung to the rope for dear life as the wind howled.
• She was holding on to the rope for dear life. ^{她死命抓着那根绳子。}
• Clinging on for dear life, Harry sent Stunning Spells flying at random into the whirling night. ^{哈利一边拼命稳住身子，一边对着旋转的黑夜胡乱发射昏迷咒。}

This is not easy, and may require two porpoises working together.

working together ^协同工作

• Our success lies in working together as a team. ^{我们的成功在于团队合作。}
• Solving this complex problem will require several teams cooperating.
• We can overcome all the difficulies by working together. ^{通过共同努力，我们可以克服所有的困难。}

In another game, as the turtle swims across the oceanarium, the first porpoise swoops down from above and butts his shell with his belly.

butt sth. ^{用头或角顶撞某物}

• The goat tried to butt the fence.^{用头顶撞栅栏}
• He butted the door open.^{用头顶开了门}

This knocks the turtle down several feet.

knock sth. down ^{击倒；撞倒}

• The strong wind knocked down the old tree. ^{吹倒了那棵老树}
• She was knocked down by a bus. ^{她被一辆公共汽车撞倒在地。}
• Stay away from houses or buildings being built or knocked down. ^{远离正在建造或拆毁的房屋或建筑物。}

He no sooner recovers his equilibrium than the next porpoise comes along and hits him another crack.

No sooner ... than ... ^{一...就...（倒装）}

No sooner does he recover his equilibrium than the next porpoise comes along and hits him another crack. ^{部分倒装（写作替换）}

Eventually the turtle has been butted all the way down to the floor of the tank.

all the way down to ... ^一直到...

• All the way Peter was tormented with fear. ^{彼得一路上饱受恐惧的折磨。}
• We walked all the way down to the beach.^{一直走到了海滩}
• We drove all the way with the hood down. ^{我们一路上敞着车篷开车。}

He is now satisfied merely to try to stand up, but as soon as he does so a porpoise knocks him flat.

be satisfied with / to do ...  ^{对某事很满意}

• I am content with the results of the experiment.
• The team was satisfied to finish the race.^{满足于完成比赛}
• The client was satisfied with the quality of the final product. ^{客户对最终产品的质量感到满意。}
• After working hard, he was satisfied to rest for a few days. ^{努力工作之后，他很满意休息几天。}

部分倒装 ^{写作替换(上文出现过no sooner)}

...but no sooner does he do so than a porpoise knocks him flat. ^{但他一这样做，一只海豚就将他击平.}

The turtle at last gives up by pulling his feet under his shell and the game is over.

give up ^放弃

• We will never give up the fight for justice.
• Anyway, as Brian pointed out, it is the easiest thing in the world to give up smoking.
• A radio message from the mainland had been received by the ship's captain instructing him to give up the search.
• Uh ... I give up. ^{嗯…我放弃猜。}