Lesson 41 Training elephants训练大象

Two main techniques have been used for training elephants, which we may call respectively the tough and the gentle.

two main techniques ^{两种主要技术/方法}

• Two main techniques have been used for training elephants.^{两种主要技术已被用于训练大象。}
• The company employs two main techniques to increase customer engagement.^{该公司采用两种主要技术来提高客户参与度。}

we may call respectively ^{我们可以分别称之为}

• Which we may call respectively the tough and the gentle.^{我们可以分别称之为强硬和温和的方法。}
• The ingredients were divided into two groups, which we may call respectively the solids and the liquids.^{原料被分成两组，我们可以分别称之为固体和液体。}

The former method simply consists of setting an elephant to work and beating him until he does what is expected of him.

consists of setting an elephant to work ^{在于让一头大象开始工作}

• The former method simply consists of setting an elephant to work.^{前者的方法仅仅在于让一头大象开始工作。}
• The final stage of the program consists of setting the students to work on a practical project.^{该项目的最后阶段在于让学生们开始进行一个实践项目。}

beating him until... ^{鞭打它直到…}

• And beating him until he does what is expected of him.^{并鞭打它直到它做到人们期望它做到的事情。}
• The coach kept drilling the team, beating them until they perfected the defense.^{教练不断训练这支队伍，鞭打他们直到他们完善了防守。}

does what is expected of him ^{做到人们期望他做到的事情}

• Beating him until he does what is expected of him.^{鞭打它直到它做到人们期望它做到的事情。}
• The new employee quickly learned to **do what was expected of her** in the fast-paced environment.^{这位新员工很快学会在快节奏的环境中做到人们期望她做到的事情。}

Apart from any moral considerations this is a stupid method of training, for it produces a resentful animal who at a later stage may well turn man-killer.

apart from any moral considerations ^{撇开任何道德考量不谈}

• Apart from any moral considerations this is a stupid method of training.^{撇开任何道德考量不谈，这是一种愚蠢的训练方法。}
• Apart from any moral considerations, the investment was highly risky.^{撇开任何道德考量不谈，这项投资具有高风险。}
• **Apart from any moral considerations**, cutting corners usually leads to quality issues.^{撇开任何道德考量不谈，偷工减料通常会导致质量问题。}

resentful animal ^{心怀怨恨的动物}

• It produces a resentful animal who at a later stage may well turn man-killer.^{它产生了一头心怀怨恨的动物，这头动物在后期很可能会变成杀人犯。}
• The abandoned dog became a **resentful animal** that distrusted all humans.^{那只被遗弃的狗变成了一只心怀怨恨的动物，不信任所有人类。}

at a later stage ^{在后期/在稍后的阶段}

• Who at a later stage may well turn man-killer.^{这头动物在后期很可能会变成杀人犯。}
• The details of the merger will be announced **at a later stage** of the negotiations.^{并购的细节将在谈判的稍后阶段公布。}

may well turn man-killer ^{很可能变成杀人犯/具有杀人的倾向}

• The animal may well turn man-killer.^{这头动物很可能变成杀人犯。}
• If not properly handled, the aggressive dog **may well turn man-killer**.^{如果处理不当，这只具有攻击性的狗很可能具有杀人的倾向。}

The gentle method requires more patience in the early stages, but produces a cheerful, good-tempered elephant who will give many years of loyal service.

requires more patience ^{需要更多耐心}

• The gentle method requires more patience in the early stages.^{温和的方法在早期阶段需要更多耐心。}
• Teaching children a new language requires more patience than expected.^{教孩子一门新语言需要比预想中更多的耐心。}

in the early stages ^{在早期阶段}

• The gentle method requires more patience **in the early stages**.^{温和的方法在早期阶段需要更多耐心。}
• Developing a startup is challenging **in the early stages** due to limited resources.^{由于资源有限，创办一家初创公司在早期阶段具有挑战性。}

produces a cheerful, good-tempered elephant ^{产生一头快乐、脾气好的大象}

• But produces a cheerful, good-tempered elephant who will give many years of loyal service.^{但会产生一头快乐、脾气好的大象，它将提供多年的忠诚服务。}
• A supportive home environment **produces a cheerful, good-tempered child**.^{一个支持性的家庭环境会产生一个快乐、脾气好的孩子。}

loyal service ^{忠诚的服务}

• Who will give many years of loyal service.^{它将提供多年的忠诚服务。}
• The veteran employee was awarded a medal for fifty years of **loyal service** to the company.^{这位资深员工因在公司服务五十年而获得了一枚奖章。}

The first essential in elephant training is to assign to the animal a single mahout who will be entirely responsible for the job.

the first essential in... ^{…的首要要素}

• The first essential in elephant training is to assign to the animal a single mahout.^{大象训练的首要要素是给这头动物指派一个专门的象夫。}
• **The first essential in time management** is setting clear priorities.^{时间管理的首要要素是设定清晰的优先级。}

assign to the animal a single mahout ^{给这头动物指派一个单独的象夫}

• The first essential in elephant training is to assign to the animal a single mahout.^{大象训练的首要要素是给这头动物指派一个单独的象夫。}
• The manager decided to **assign to the new project a single lead** to avoid confusion.^{经理决定给这个新项目指派一个单独的负责人以避免混乱。}

be entirely responsible for the job ^{完全对这项工作负责}

• A single mahout who will **be entirely responsible for the job**.^{一个将完全对这项工作负责的单独的象夫。}
• The lead developer will **be entirely responsible for the job** of integrating the new module.^{首席开发人员将完全对集成新模块的工作负责。}

Elephants like to have one master just as dogs do, and are capable of a considerable degree of personal affection.

like to have one master ^{喜欢有一个主人}

• Elephants **like to have one master** just as dogs do.^{大象和狗一样，喜欢有一个主人。}
• The pet birds, once bonded, **like to have one master** who feeds and cares for them.^{一旦建立起感情，这些宠物鸟喜欢有一个喂养和照顾它们的主人。}

just as... do ^{正如…一样}

be capable of a considerable degree of personal affection ^{能够有相当程度的个人情感}

• Elephants **are capable of a considerable degree of personal affection**.^{大象能够有相当程度的个人情感。}
• The elderly cat, despite its grumpy appearance, **is capable of a considerable degree of personal affection**.^{这只老年猫，尽管看起来脾气暴躁，却能够有相当程度的个人情感。}
• Humans **are capable of a considerable degree of personal affection** even towards inanimate objects.^{人类即使对无生命的物体也能够有相当程度的个人情感。}

There are even stories of half-trained elephant calves who have refused to feed and pined to death when by some unavoidable circumstance they have been deprived of their own trainer.

half-trained elephant calves ^{半驯化的小象}

• There are even stories of **half-trained elephant calves** who have refused to feed.^{甚至有关于拒绝进食的半驯化小象的故事。}
• The study focused on the behavior of **half-trained elephant calves** separated from their mothers.^{这项研究侧重于与母亲分离的半驯化小象的行为。}

refused to feed ^拒绝进食

• Elephant calves who have refused to feed and pined to death.^{拒绝进食并因思念而死的小象。}
• The sick patient **refused to feed** until his family arrived.^{这位生病的病人拒绝进食，直到他的家人到来。}

pine to death ^{因思念而死/抑郁而死}

• Who have refused to feed and **pined to death** when deprived of their trainer.^{在失去自己的训练员时，拒绝进食并因思念而死。}
• Legend says the bird **pined to death** after its mate flew away forever.^{传说这只鸟在它的伴侣永远飞走后，因思念而死。}

by some unavoidable circumstance ^{由于某些不可避免的情况}

• When **by some unavoidable circumstance** they have been deprived of their own trainer.^{当由于某些不可避免的情况，它们失去了自己的训练员时。}
• The event was canceled **by some unavoidable circumstance** related to the weather.^{由于某些与天气相关的不可避免的情况，活动被取消了。}

be deprived of their own trainer ^{被剥夺/失去了自己的训练员}

• When by some unavoidable circumstance they have **been deprived of their own trainer**.^{当由于某些不可避免的情况，它们失去了自己的训练员时。}
• The child was temporarily **deprived of his favorite toy** as a punishment.^{作为惩罚，这个孩子暂时被剥夺了他最喜欢的玩具。}

Such extreme cases must probably be taken with a grain of salt, but they do underline the general principle that the relationship between elephant and mahout is the key to successful training.

be taken with a grain of salt ^{需要持保留态度/半信半疑}

• Such extreme cases must probably **be taken with a grain of salt**.^{这种极端的案例很可能需要持保留态度。}
• Any rumors you hear about the merger should **be taken with a grain of salt**.^{你听到的任何关于合并的谣言都应该持保留态度。}
• His exaggerated stories often have to **be taken with a grain of salt**.^{他夸大的故事往往需要持保留态度。}

underline the general principle ^{强调/突出了普遍原则}

• But they do **underline the general principle** that the relationship is the key.^{但它们确实强调了关系是关键的普遍原则。}
• The recent study findings **underline the general principle** of supply and demand.^{最近的研究结果强调了供需的普遍原则。}

the key to successful training ^{成功训练的关键}

• The relationship between elephant and mahout is **the key to successful training**.^{大象和象夫之间的关系是成功训练的关键。}
• Patience and consistency are **the key to successful training** of any pet.^{耐心和一致性是训练任何宠物的关键。}

The most economical age to capture an elephant for training is between 15 and 20 years, for it is then almost ready to undertake heavy work and can begin to earn its keep straight away.

the most economical age to capture ^{捕获的最经济年龄}

• The most economical age to capture an elephant for training is between 15 and 20 years.^{捕获用于训练的大象的最经济年龄是在15至20岁之间。}
• Finding **the most economical age to capture** a wild resource is crucial for conservation planning.^{找到捕获野生资源的最经济年龄对于保护规划至关重要。}

be ready to undertake heavy work ^{准备好承担繁重的工作}

• For it is then almost ready to undertake heavy work.^{因为那时它几乎准备好承担繁重的工作。}
• After the training program, the recruits should be **ready to undertake heavy work** assignments.^{在培训计划之后，新兵应该准备好承担繁重的工作任务。}

earn its keep straight away ^{立即开始自食其力/赚回成本}

• And can begin to earn its keep straight away.^{并且可以立即开始自食其力。}
• The new machine is so efficient that it will begin to **earn its keep straight away**.^{这台新机器效率如此之高，以至于它将立即开始自食其力。}

But animals of this age do not easily become subservient to man, and a very firm hand must be employed in the early stages.

do not easily become subservient to man ^{不容易变得顺从人类}

• Animals of this age **do not easily become subservient to man**.^{这个年龄段的动物不容易变得顺从人类。}
• Wild horses, even when young, **do not easily become subservient to man**.^{野马，即使是幼崽，也不容易变得顺从人类。}

a very firm hand must be employed ^{必须采用非常强硬的手段}

• And **a very firm hand must be employed** in the early stages.^{并且在早期阶段必须采用非常强硬的手段。}
• When dealing with rebellious teenagers, sometimes **a very firm hand must be employed**.^{在处理叛逆的青少年时，有时必须采用非常强硬的手段。}

The captive elephant, still roped to a tree, plunges and screams every time a man approaches, and for several days will probably refuse all food through anger and fear.

still roped to a tree ^{仍然被绳索拴在一棵树上}

• The captive elephant, **still roped to a tree**, plunges and screams.^{这头被捕获的大象，仍然被绳索拴在一棵树上，会猛冲和尖叫。}
• The small boat was **still roped to the dock** despite the rising tide.^{尽管潮水上涨，这艘小船仍然被绳索拴在码头上。}

plunges and screams ^{猛冲和尖叫}

• The elephant **plunges and screams** every time a man approaches.^{每当有人靠近，这头大象就会猛冲和尖叫。}
• The frightened child **plunges and screams** whenever there is a loud noise.^{每当有巨响时，这个受惊的孩子就会猛冲和尖叫。}

refuse all food through anger and fear ^{因愤怒和恐惧而拒绝所有食物}

• For several days will probably **refuse all food through anger and fear**.^{连续几天可能会因愤怒和恐惧而拒绝所有食物。}
• The rescued animal continued to **refuse all food through anger and fear** for the first 24 hours.^{这只被救助的动物在最初的24小时内因愤怒和恐惧而持续拒绝所有食物。}

Sometimes a tame elephant is tethered nearby to give the wild one confidence, and in most cases the captive gradually quietens down and begins to accept its food.

tethered nearby ^拴在附近

• Sometimes a tame elephant is **tethered nearby** to give the wild one confidence.^{有时，一头驯服的大象会拴在附近，以给予这头野象信心。}
• The horses were **tethered nearby** the camp during the night.^{夜间，马匹被拴在营地附近。}

to give the wild one confidence ^{以给予这头野象信心}

• A tame elephant is tethered nearby **to give the wild one confidence**.^{一头驯服的大象会拴在附近，以给予这头野象信心。}
• The coach spoke encouraging words **to give the young player confidence**.^{教练说了一些鼓励的话，以给予这位年轻球员信心。}

gradually quietens down ^{逐渐平静下来}

• In most cases the captive **gradually quietens down** and begins to accept its food.^{在大多数情况下，这头被捕获的动物会逐渐平静下来并开始接受它的食物。}
• After the initial panic, the crowd **gradually quietened down** as the situation was explained.^{在最初的恐慌之后，随着情况得到解释，人群逐渐平静下来。}

begins to accept its food ^{开始接受它的食物}

• The captive gradually quietens down and **begins to accept its food**.^{这头被捕获的动物逐渐平静下来并开始接受它的食物。}

The next stage is to get the elephant to the training establishment, a ticklish business which is achieved with the aid of two tame elephants roped to the captive on either side.

get the elephant to the training establishment ^{把大象送到训练机构}

• The next stage is to **get the elephant to the training establishment**.^{下一个阶段是把大象送到训练机构。}
• The logistical challenge was to **get all the equipment to the remote research establishment**.^{物流挑战是将所有设备送到这个偏远的研究机构。}

a ticklish business ^{一项棘手的任务}

• Getting the elephant there is **a ticklish business** which is achieved with the aid of two tame elephants.^{把大象送到那里是一项棘手的任务，需要借助两头驯服的大象来完成。}
• Negotiating the final terms of the contract proved to be **a ticklish business**.^{谈判合同的最终条款被证明是一项棘手的任务。}

with the aid of... ^{在…的帮助下/借助…}

• Which is achieved **with the aid of two tame elephants roped to the captive on either side**.^{这项任务是在两头分别被拴在被捕获大象两侧的驯服大象的帮助下完成的。}
• The heavy object was moved **with the aid of a specially designed pulley system**.^{这件重物是在一个特殊设计的滑轮系统的帮助下移动的。}

roped to the captive on either side ^{被绳索拴在被捕获大象的两侧}

• Two tame elephants **roped to the captive on either side**.^{两头被绳索拴在被捕获大象的两侧的驯服大象。}
• The rescue climbers were **roped to the victim on either side** for stability.^{救援攀登者被绳索拴在受害者的两侧以保持稳定。}

When several elephants are being trained at one time, it is customary for the new arrival to be placed between the stalls of two captives whose training is already well advanced.

at one time ^{在同一时间}

• When several elephants are being trained at one time, it is customary to place the new arrival between two stalls.^{当几头大象在同一时间接受训练时，习惯上将新来的大象安置在两个隔间之间。}
• I cannot manage all these tasks **at one time**; I need to prioritize.^{我不能在同一时间处理所有这些任务；我需要确定优先顺序。}

it is customary for... to be placed ^{习惯上将…安置}

• It is customary for the new arrival to be placed between the stalls of two captives.^{习惯上将新来的大象安置在两个被捕获大象的隔间之间。}
• In this culture, **it is customary for guests to be placed** at the head of the table.^{在这种文化中，习惯上将客人安置在桌子的上首。}

whose training is already well advanced ^{其训练已经很先进/很成熟}

• Between the stalls of two captives whose training is already well advanced.^{在两头训练已经很成熟的被捕获大象的隔间之间。}
• They consulted with experts **whose training was already well advanced** in the field of AI.^{他们咨询了在人工智能领域训练已经很成熟的专家。}

It is then left completely undisturbed with plenty of food and water so that it can absorb the atmosphere of its new home and see that nothing particularly alarming is happening to its companions.

left completely undisturbed ^{被完全不加打扰地留下}

• It is then **left completely undisturbed** with plenty of food and water.^{它随后被完全不加打扰地留下，并提供充足的食物和水。}
• The artifacts were **left completely undisturbed** in the tomb for centuries.^{这些文物在墓穴中被完全不加打扰地留下了几个世纪。}

absorb the atmosphere of its new home ^{吸收它新家的氛围}

• So that it can **absorb the atmosphere of its new home**.^{以便它能吸收它新家的氛围。}
• The writer visited the location for a week to **absorb the atmosphere of its new home** for the novel.^{这位作家拜访了该地点一周，以便为小说吸收它新家的氛围。}

nothing particularly alarming is happening ^{没有什么特别令人担忧的事情发生}

• And see that **nothing particularly alarming is happening** to its companions.^{并看到它的同伴身上没有什么特别令人担忧的事情发生。}
• The doctor assured the family that **nothing particularly alarming was happening** with the patient's condition.^{医生向家属保证，病人的情况没有发生什么特别令人担忧的事情。}

When it is eating normally, its own training begins.

eating normally ^正常进食

• When it is eating normally, its own training begins.^{当它正常进食时，它自己的训练就开始了。}
• The veterinarian said the dog could go home once it was **eating normally**.^{兽医说，一旦这只狗正常进食，就可以回家了。}

The trainer stands in front of the elephant holding a long stick with a sharp metal point.

stands in front of the elephant ^{站在大象的前面}

• The trainer stands in front of the elephant holding a long stick.^{训练员站在大象的前面，手里拿着一根带尖锐金属头的长棍。}
• The speaker **stands in front of the audience** before starting the presentation.^{演讲者在开始演示之前站在观众的前面。}

holding a long stick with a sharp metal point ^{拿着一根带尖锐金属头的长棍}

• The trainer stands in front of the elephant **holding a long stick with a sharp metal point**.^{训练员站在大象的前面，手里拿着一根带尖锐金属头的长棍。}

Two assistants, mounted on tame elephants, control the captive from either side, while others rub their hands over his skin to the accompaniment of a monotonous and soothing chant.

mounted on tame elephants ^{骑在驯服的大象上}

• Two assistants, **mounted on tame elephants**, control the captive from either side.^{两名助手骑在驯服的大象上，从两侧控制着这头被捕获的大象。}
• The general, **mounted on his finest horse**, surveyed the troops.^{将军骑在他最好的马上，检阅着部队。}

control the captive from either side ^{从两侧控制着被捕获的大象}

• Two assistants **control the captive from either side**.^{两名助手从两侧控制着这头被捕获的大象。}
• The police had to **control the crowd from either side** of the parade route.^{警察不得不从游行路线的两侧控制人群。}

rub their hands over his skin ^{将手摩擦/揉搓他的皮肤}

• While others **rub their hands over his skin** to the accompaniment of a chant.^{而其他人则将手摩擦/揉搓他的皮肤，并伴随着单调而舒缓的吟唱。}
• The masseuse gently began to **rub her hands over his skin** to relax the muscles.^{按摩师轻轻地开始将手摩擦他的皮肤以放松肌肉。}

to the accompaniment of a monotonous and soothing chant ^{伴随着单调而舒缓的吟唱}

• Rub their hands over his skin **to the accompaniment of a monotonous and soothing chant**.^{将手摩擦/揉搓他的皮肤，伴随着单调而舒缓的吟唱。}
• The dancers moved gracefully **to the accompaniment of a live orchestra**.^{舞者们伴随着现场乐团的伴奏优美地移动着。}

This is supposed to induce pleasurable sensations in the elephant, and its effects are reinforced by the use of endearing epithets.

is supposed to induce pleasurable sensations ^{被认为会引起愉快的感受}

• This **is supposed to induce pleasurable sensations** in the elephant.^{这被认为会引起大象愉快的感受。}
• The new design of the waiting room **is supposed to induce pleasurable sensations** and reduce anxiety.^{候诊室的新设计被认为会引起愉快的感受并减轻焦虑。}

its effects are reinforced by ^{它的效果被…所加强}

• And **its effects are reinforced by the use of endearing epithets**.^{它的效果被使用亲昵的称呼所加强。}
• The lecture's main points **were reinforced by** relevant case studies and examples.^{讲座的要点被相关的案例研究和例子所加强。}

endearing epithets ^{亲昵的称呼/昵称}

• The effects are reinforced by the use of **endearing epithets**.^{它的效果被使用亲昵的称呼所加强。}
• The grandmother always used **endearing epithets** when speaking to her grandchildren.^{这位祖母在和孙辈说话时总是使用亲昵的称呼。}

Such as 'ho! my son', or 'ho! my father', or 'my mother', according to the age and sex of the captive.

according to the age and sex of the captive ^{根据被捕获大象的年龄和性别}

• Such as 'ho! my son', or 'ho! my father', or 'my mother', **according to the age and sex of the captive**.^{例如“嗨！我的儿子”，或“嗨！我的父亲”，或“我的母亲”，根据被捕获大象的年龄和性别而定。}
• The participants were grouped **according to their age and sex** for the clinical trial.^{参与者根据他们的年龄和性别被分组进行临床试验。}

The elephant is not immediately susceptible to such blandishments, however, and usually lashes fiercely with its trunk in all directions.

not immediately susceptible to ^{不会立即受到…的影响/不轻易被…打动}

• The elephant **is not immediately susceptible to such blandishments**.^{然而，这头大象不会立即受到这种甜言蜜语的影响。}
• The veteran investor **was not immediately susceptible to** the new scheme's promises.^{这位经验丰富的投资者不会立即受到新方案承诺的影响。}

blandishments ^{甜言蜜语/诱惑}

• The elephant is not immediately susceptible to such **blandishments**.^{这头大象不会立即受到这种甜言蜜语的影响。}
• He resisted the marketing executive's **blandishments** to sign the contract immediately.^{他抵制了营销主管要求立即签署合同的甜言蜜语。}

lashes fiercely with its trunk ^{用它的象鼻猛烈地抽打}

• And usually **lashes fiercely with its trunk in all directions**.^{并且通常会用它的象鼻猛烈地向各个方向抽打。}
• The alligator **lashed fiercely with its tail** when cornered by the researchers.^{当被研究人员逼到角落时，这条鳄鱼用它的尾巴猛烈地抽打。}

These movements are controlled by the trainer with the metal-pointed stick, and the trunk eventually becomes so sore that the elephant curls it up and seldom afterwards uses it for offensive purposes.

metal-pointed stick ^{带金属尖头的棍子}

• These movements are controlled by the trainer with the **metal-pointed stick**.^{这些动作被训练员用带金属尖头的棍子控制。}

becomes so sore that... ^{变得如此疼痛以至于…}

• The trunk eventually **becomes so sore that the elephant curls it up**.^{象鼻最终变得如此疼痛以至于大象将它卷起来。}
• His throat **became so sore that** he could barely speak a word.^{他的喉咙变得如此疼痛以至于他几乎说不出话来。}

curls it up ^{将它卷起来}

• The elephant **curls it up** and seldom afterwards uses it for offensive purposes.^{大象将它卷起来，并且此后很少用它来攻击。}
• The small animal **curled itself up** into a ball when feeling threatened.^{这只小动物在感到受到威胁时将自己卷起来变成一个球。}

seldom afterwards uses it for offensive purposes ^{此后很少用它来攻击}

• The elephant curls it up and **seldom afterwards uses it for offensive purposes**.^{大象将它卷起来，并且此后很少用它来攻击。}
• The general's special forces **seldom afterwards used it for offensive purposes** once their cover was blown.^{一旦他们的掩护被揭穿，这位将军的特种部队此后很少用它来攻击。}